Self-assembling Characteristics of Amphiphilic Star Block Copolymers with a Polyelectrolyte Shell

1 Results Amphiphilic block copolymers are capable of forming supramolecular assemblies resembling those observed in nature,such as spherical micelles,worm micelles,and vesicles.Changing the solvent composition,ionic strength or pH of the polymer solution may induce the self-assembly of block copolymers or trigger the transition between the geometries of noncovalent assemblies.In the current work,we have synthesised starlike amphiphilic block copolymers having hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate),PMMA,core,and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid),PAA,shell.The self-assembling characteristics of these polymers have been investigated in aqueous solutions by light scattering and direct visualisation by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM)[1]. Computer simulations along with the theoretical predictions made for the star-like system based on mean-field theory have been used to support the experimental observations[2]. The association of the starlike macromolecules resembles that of charged biopolymers,such as actin,since a balance between attractive and repulsive forces is required for the formation of cylindrical assemblies and can be manipulated by changing the pH or the ionic strength of the solvent[3].     

Channel Mismatching in Sidelobe Canceler: Limitations and Remedies

After a brief recall of the Sidelobe Canceler (SLC) working principle, including the derivation of a general formula for the Cancellation Ratio (CR), the effects of channel mismatching are investigated. In particular, curves providing CRvalues as a function of amplitude and phase channel mismatching, radar bandwidth, and jammer direction of arrival (JDOA) are provided for the cases of one and two auxiliary antennas. Subsequently, a time -space processor for performance restoration is analyzed in detail. In addition to the above mentioned quantities, the attainable CR value is expressed as a function of the space-time processor parameters. The contribution of the paper is related to the derivation of a number of mathematical equations of CR for several cases of practical interest for the radar engineer. In addition, several curves are presented to assist design of SLC systems.     

未来十年的全球水源状况

1940年至1980年间,全球的用水量翻了一番,预计到2000年还要再翻一番。由于生活水平的差异,每人每天的生活用水量也相差甚大,为20～500升。全世界有4％的人均日用水量达300～400升(美国为580升),而全世界67％的人口(主要集中在非洲和亚洲)人均日用水量小于50升。时至今日,全球范围内,仍有65％的农村人口,35％的城市人口没有供水系统。尽管如此,在过去的10年里,又有13亿人喝上了卫生的水。但是,在现在52亿的世界人口中,仍有约12亿人喝不上卫生的水。