遗传与社会(下)

人类本性人类本性(人性)的现象数千年来一直是学者为之注意的问题。为了说明“人性”的本质,各家都抒发了自己的理论,并根据这些理论就与构成人类社会有关的这种或那种“逻辑法则”作出推理。大体说来,人性理论发展的历史有两种主要思想体系,即遗传因素决定论和环境因素决定论争论的历史。它们各自为追求彼此相互对立的社会结构而大造舆论。环境因素决定论者认为,环境因素是决定人类本性的基本因素;遗传因素决定论者则站在对立的立场上坚持,人类本性大部分系取决于本身所携带的基因。环境论者假设,如果生活环境相同,工作机会相等,那么不同的种族、人群和个人之间的发展就可能     

Some of Advances on the Error Analysis in the Frequency Domain for a Digital Simulation Model

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ZNRF3 promotes Wnt receptor turnover in an R-spondin-sensitive manner

R-spondin proteins strongly potentiate Wnt signalling and function as stem-cell growth factors. Despite the biological and therapeutic significance, the molecular mechanism of R-spondin action remains unclear. Here we show that the cell-surface transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) and its homologue ring finger 43 (RNF43) are negative feedback regulators of Wnt signalling. ZNRF3 is associated with the Wnt receptor complex, and inhibits Wnt signalling by promoting the turnover of frizzled and LRP6. Inhibition of ZNRF3 enhances Wnt/β-catenin signalling and disrupts Wnt/planar cell polarity signalling in vivo. Notably, R-spondin mimics ZNRF3 inhibition by increasing the membrane level of Wnt receptors. Mechanistically, R-spondin interacts with the extracellular domain of ZNRF3 and induces the association between ZNRF3 and LGR4, which results in membrane clearance of ZNRF3. These data suggest that R-spondin enhances Wnt signalling by inhibiting ZNRF3. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of Wnt receptor turnover, and reveals ZNRF3 as a tractable target for therapeutic exploration.