Highly reactive oxygen species: detection, formation, and possible functions

The so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as oxygen-containing species that are more reactive than O(2) itself, which include hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Although these are quite stable, they may be converted in the presence of transition metal ions, such as Fe(II), to the highly reactive oxygen species (hROS). hROS may exist as free hydroxyl radicals (HO·), as bound ("crypto") radicals or as Fe(IV)-oxo (ferryl) species and the somewhat less reactive, non-radical species, singlet oxygen. This review outlines the processes by which hROS may be formed, their damaging potential, and the evidence that they might have signaling functions. Since our understanding of the formation and actions of hROS depends on reliable procedures for their detection, particular attention is given to procedures for hROS detection and quantitation and their applicability to in vivo studies.     

聚合物小尺寸燃烧中的传热阻碍

固体燃面上方流动和扩散的气体？炭黑（soot）混合介质对火焰热量反馈（包括外界热源辐射传热）的阻碍作用称为火焰传热阻碍,它影响着燃烧速率和释热速率.这一影响应当在火灾蔓延理论模型中定量体现.小尺寸燃烧的机理研究对于全面描述全尺寸火行为至关重要.在火蔓延实验装置上,以非直接测量方式定量研究了不同环境氧浓度时的火焰传热阻碍,并提出了传热阻碍现象的实验证据和测量途径.同时建立了独立于实验的、着重描述火焰介质吸收与发射的一维稳态扩散火焰模型,进一步从物理本质上揭示了现象的机理和规律.研究发现火焰的传热阻碍系数可高达0.3至0.4,且基本不随外加辐射强度变化而变化,但随环境氧浓度升高而增大.实验数据与模型计算结果符合程度较好.     

青藏高原古里雅冰芯中NO3-浓度与太阳活动

恢复了古里雅冰芯中NO- 3浓度近 10 0 0多年来的时间变化序列 ,并对其进行了谱分析 ,发现在该冰芯NO- 3浓度的变化中存在与太阳活动的多种周期相一致的周期 .该冰芯中NO- 3浓度的长期变化趋势与太阳活动强弱的各种指标的对比表明 ,其长期变化趋势与太阳活动呈现正相关关系 .古里雅冰帽地区降水中NO- 3浓度的变化滞后于太阳活动约 1 5a .     

Microelectronics-embedded channel bridging and signal regeneration of injured spinal cords

Due to the difficulty in spinal cord regeneration with biological methods, the microelectronic neural bridge, a new concept based on microelectronic technology, is presented. The microelectronic system has been realized in the forms of hybrid and integrated circuits. The integrated circuits for neural signal detection, stimulation, and regeneration are realized in a CMOS process. In animal experiments with 100 toads, 48 rats, and 3 rabbits, nerve signals have been successfully detected from spinal cords and sciatic nerves, and functional electrical stimulation has been carried out for spinal cords and sciatic nerves. When the microelectronic system is bridged between the controlling and stimulated nerve, the relevant motion of legs and nerve signal waveforms, which are stimulated by the evoked or spontaneous nerve signal through such a system, have been observed. Therefore, the feasibility of the presented method was demonstrated.     

二维圆柱层流绕流及其控制数值模拟

采用有限体积法求解二维N-S方程,通过改变时间、空间计算参数,对雷诺数100的二维圆柱非定常流场进行了数值模拟,将所得结果与实验数据以及已有的计算结果进行了对比.并对在尾部多个位置加入不同长度阻隔板控制流动的圆柱流场进行了考察.结果发现:在合适的位置放置阻隔板,可以有效抑制尾迹中涡脱落的形成.     

DNA重组体技术在作物改良中的应用

引言近几十年来,DNA技术已获得重大进展。尽管遗传工程仍处在发展阶段,但它必将成为控制植物特性的一种强有力的工具,诸如除草剂与杂草的竞争性、光合效率、营养增强能力、应激忍耐力、固N能力和次生植物再生的生产。传统的常规遗传控制手段是进行品种改良的育种方法。植物的育种,就是从具不良性状的亲本杂交后代中选择优良性状,也许同时存在一个或两个以上的性状是不需要的。植物育种的一个典型的步骤,通常是通过选择优     

Msh2 deficiency prevents in vivo somatic instability of the CAG repeat in Huntington disease transgenic mice

Huntington disease (HD), an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by an expanded CAG repeat sequence leading to an increase in the number of glutamine residues in the encoded protein. The normal CAG repeat range is 5-36, whereas 38 or more repeats are found in the diseased state; the severity of disease is roughly proportional to the number of CAG repeats. HD shows anticipation, in which subsequent generations display earlier disease onsets due to intergenerational repeat expansion. For longer repeat lengths, somatic instability of the repeat size has been observed both in human cases at autopsy and in transgenic mouse models containing either a genomic fragment of human HD exon 1 (ref. 9) or an expanded repeat inserted into the endogenous mouse gene Hdh (ref. 10). With increasing repeat number, the protein changes conformation and becomes increasingly prone to aggregation, suggesting important functional correlations between repeat length and pathology. Because dinucleotide repeat instability is known to increase when the mismatch repair enzyme MSH2 is missing, we examined instability of the HD CAG repeat by crossing transgenic mice carrying exon 1 of human HD (ref. 16) with Msh2-/- mice. Our results show that Msh2 is required for somatic instability of the CAG repeat.