Flow and heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in microchannels

Flow and heat transfer of aqueous based silica and alumina nanofluids in microchannels were experimentally investigated. The measured friction factors were higher than conventional model predictions at low Reynolds numbers particularly with high nanoparticle concentrations. A decrease in the friction factor was observed with increasing Reynolds number, possibly due to the augmentation of nanoparticle aggregate shape arising from fluid shear and alteration of local nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid viscosity. Augmentation of the silica nanoparticle morphology by fluid shear may also have affected the friction factor due to possible formation of a core/shell structure of the particles. Measured thermal conductivities of the silica nanofluids were in approximate agreement with the Maxwell-Crosser model, whereas the alumina nanofluids only showed slight enhancements. Enhanced convective heat transfer was observed for both nanofluids, relative to their base fluids (water), at low particle concentrations. Heat transfer enhancement increased with increasing Reynolds number and microchannel hydraulic diameter. However, the majority of experiments showed a larger increase in pumping power requirements relative to heat transfer enhancements, which may hinder the industrial uptake of the nanofluids, particularly in confined environments, such as Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).     

Guaranteed Cost Finite-Time Control of Fractional-Order Nonlinear Positive Switched Systems with D-Perturbations via MDADT

This paper is concerned with the problem of guaranteed cost finite-time control of fractionalorder nonlinear positive switched systems(FONPSS) with D-perturbation. Firstly, the proof of the positivity of FONPSS with D-perturbation is given, the definition of guaranteed cost finite-time stability is firstly given in such systems. Then, by constructing linear copositive Lyapunov functions and using the mode-dependent average dwell time(MDADT) approach, a static output feedback controller is constructed, and sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee that the corresponding closed-loop system is guaranteed cost finite-time stable(GCFTS). Such conditions can be easily solved by linear programming. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

含二次隶属函数的模糊二次规划模型求解

基于一种新定义的可调节二次隶属函数,研究了一类带有模糊资源约束的模糊二次规划模型,同时给出了两种相应的求解方法—扩展的Zimmermann算法和扩展的参数规划法。实例表明,两类方法均有一定的合理性和有效性。     

“人对人是狼”——霍布斯的人性理论浅析

霍布斯基于人的自然性，运用机械唯物主义的方法，形成其完整独特的人性理论。他先从人性的“自然欲望公理”推出“一切人对一切人的战争”的自然状态；再由人的“自然理性公理”归结出的自我保全原则，导出人们为了摆脱这一自然状态而付诸理性发现的自然法。     

楚汉青阳今何在

青阳是战国末期楚国南方一个有名的地方,秦汉时期仍为世所知,后来竟消失在历史的长河中。唐代北宋期间,时人多以为是今安徽省青阳县;南宋以后,大多数人又以为是今长沙。当今学者也聚讼纷纭,现已成为学术界非常关注的历史之谜。而通过对相关历史文献资料的考证与研究,可推断出青阳位于今宁乡黄材一带,且青阳从战国到秦代是洞庭郡治所在地,西汉时期是青阳县治所在地。     

如何客观公正、科学准确的做好电煤质量检验

发电用煤质量严重下降,已引起国家有关部门的高度重视,文章就如何客观公正、科学准确的做好电煤质量检验工作提出了一些建议.     

创新型湖南评价系统分析

建设创新型湖南是一个非常复杂的系统工程,要实施好这个系统工程需要一个严谨科学的评价系统.创新型湖南的评价系统为"四个子系统、四过程、一整合"的模型,即"441"系统模型.     

科技型中小企业技术创新的资金支持——基于生命周期视角的研究

基于生命周期的视角分析了科技型中小企业发展过程中各个阶段的特点,以及各个阶段中技术创新与资金支持的矛盾.在新的经济环境与政策条件下,构建了解决这种矛盾的资金支持体系,探讨了企业发展和技术创新过程中具体的融资方式,并且提出了相关的政策建议.     

农村异常宗教团体的调查与原因分析

改革开放后,中国社会进入了快速变迁时期,一些异常宗教团体开始出现。异常宗教信徒分为两类:祈求消灾者与规避风险者,但后者居多。前者皈信的主要原因是为了脱离匮乏状态,后者是为了应对社会变迁的冲击,用灵性的方法构筑一个"规避风险"的堡垒。如果能降低农民的匮乏程度及随社会变迁而带来的不确定感,就能很好地减弱皈信异常宗教团体的动机。     

高炉煤气流速对蝶阀区域粉尘沉降特性影响

高炉煤气含有大量粉尘,易沉积于管道三偏心蝶阀阀座密封面底部而造成阀板卡塞或损坏,影响高炉生产并造成严重经济损失。为获取管道内部高炉煤气流速对蝶阀区域粉尘沉降规律的影响机理,使用Pro/E建立了蝶阀及其区域流场的三维模型,基于ANSYS Workbench软件的FLUENT模块,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和DPM模型,对3种高炉煤气流速条件下的蝶阀区域粉尘运动轨迹进行了模拟分析。结果表明:流速为8m/s工况下,粉尘沉积质量随阀板开度增大而呈现先降后升的趋势,而12m/s和16m/s工况下,粉尘沉积质量随阀板开度增大而降低;阀板开度15°工况下,粉尘沉积率随高炉煤气流速增大而升高,而45°和75°工况下,粉尘沉积率随高炉煤气流速增大而降低。研究结果可为高炉煤气管道蝶阀区域粉尘自动清除装置的研制提供理论参考。