"看不见的手"与科学的繁荣

“看不见的手”在科学中扮演着重要的角色,科学家个人的自利行为可以增进科学共同体的利益。要发挥“看不见的手”的神奇作用,制度的设计与安排不可或缺。唯有科学制度有效地发挥作用,科学家个人的自我目标与科学的制度目标融为一体,私人利益与公共利益和谐一致,科学才会获得真正的成功与繁荣。     

Un curare d'une Erythrine africaine

Summary An alcaloid C₁₆H₁₉NO₃ has been isolated fromErythrina tholloniana; the iodohydrate of this erythroidine has a melting point of 225°C and 239°C for its chlorhydrate. It has a powerful curare-like action on the frog or on its isolated sciatic-sartorius preparation; at a concentration of less than 1/1,000,000, a complete neuromuscular block is produced: the electrical stimulation of the motor nerve does not produce any contraction, but the muscle reacts by an end-plate potential having the same characteristics (shape, duration, possibility of summation) as the electrical waves produced in the same preparation curarized by ordinary curare or by quaternary ammonium derivatives. Decurarization by veratrine 1/200,000 is accompanied by the same electrical reactions as those which have been described in preparations treated by curare.On mammals, the alcaloid has little curariform activity; on the isolated phrenic-diaphragm preparation of the rat, incomplete block was produced at a concentration of 1/5000.