Effect of intermittent aeration on the treatment performance in a submerged membrane bioreactor

In order to improve removal for nitrogen in a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), intermittent aeration was conducted, and the effect on the treatment performance under four kinds of operation condition (run 1, continuous aeration; run 2, 60/60 min aeration on/off time; run 3, 60/90 min aeration on/off time; run 4, 60/75 min aeration on/off time) was evaluated. The results showed that depending on the specific on/off of the aeration time ratio, removal efficiency of nitrogen could be improved significantly, and the removal rates of total nitrogen (TN) under different operation conditions were 28.0%, 59.5%, 66.8% and 70.7%, respectively. There were no obvious differences for removal rates for COD_Cr and ammonia among different operation conditions. In general, intermittent aeration could be used as a feasible way to improve treatment performance for nitrogen in the SMBR.     

Viability criteria for differential inclusions

A method of verifying the viability criterion at a given point for a region with nonsmooth boundary, which is expressed by a quasidifferentiabl function, under a differential inclusion which is a convex hull of finitely many functions, is proposed. By this method, determining the viability is transformed into solving a number of systems of linear inequalities, or equivalently solving a number of linear programming problems. For the other differential inclusion, called the generalized convex process, it is shown that viability condition holds for a polytope if and only if it holds at all of its vertices. This result is an extension of corresponding one for a linear control system.     

State transfer control of quantum systems on the Bloch sphere

The state transfer under control fields is analyzed based on the Bloch sphere representation of a single qubit. In order to achieve the target from an arbitrary initial state to a target state, the conditions that parameters should satisfy are deduced separately in two different requirements: One is in the case of the rotation angle around the x-axis being fixed and another is in the situation with a given evolution time. Several typical states trajectories are demonstrated by numerical simulations on the Bloch sphere. The relations between parameters and the trajectories are analyzed.     

滑坡变形阶段的划分及短期预报研究

滑坡是一种重要的地质灾害,一旦发生,就会带来严重的后果,本文研究了滑坡变形阶段的划分问题,并在此基础上提出了每个阶段应该进行的相应工作及目的。当滑坡进入加速变形阶段后期,出于防灾减灾的需要,此时准确预报滑坡发生时间显得尤为重要,结合实际工程本文研究了滑坡进入加速变形阶段的短期预报问题,并取得了较好的效果。     

A Systems Theoretical Approach to Interoperability of Information

A rapid process of hybridisation of man and technology, organisation and technology and society and technology is currently sweeping the world. This process requires a way of (scientific) thinking that takes hybrid systems as the starting point. Such an approach makes it increasingly important for hybrid systems to be interlinked, enabling them to exchange and share information through these links. This linking of (hybrid) systems to enable them to exchange and share information can also be denoted as the realisation of interoperability between (hybrid) systems. Five principles from Luhmann’s systems theory can help us understand interoperability. Interoperability enables (hybrid) systems to join random coalitions and networks. The network centric warfare concept is currently the basis for international efforts aimed at the development and application of interoperability that would enable armed forces to act effectively and efficiently. This paper demonstrates what we can learn from Luhmann’s system’s theory.     

城市交通治堵纵横谈

孔子曰:"过犹不及"(<论语·先进>).如今世界上有两样东西已由稀缺变为极大丰富甚至过了头:一是信息,二是汽车.似乎不久以前,我们都还在为信息、交通工具的缺乏感到苦恼,如今却为信息爆炸和城市交通拥堵而犯愁.     

Vegetation effects on mean daily maximum and minimum surface air temperatures over China

Changes in the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures and the associated temperature extremes have severe consequences on human society and the natural environment. In this study, we assess vegetation effects on mean Tmax and Tmin over China by computing a vegetation feedback parameter using the satellite-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and observed temperatures for the period 1982–2002. In all seasons, vegetation exerts a much stronger forcing on Tmax than on Tmin, and thus has a substantial effect on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over China. Significant positive feedbacks on Tmax and the DTR occupy many areas of China with the feedback parameters exceeding 1°C (0.1 NDVI)–1, while significant negative effects only appear over the summertime climatic and ecological transition zone of northern China and some other isolated areas. Also, the vegetation feedbacks are found to vary with season. In areas where significant feedbacks occur, vegetation contributes to typically 10%–30% of the total variances in Tmax, Tmin, and the DTR. These findings suggest that vegetation memory offers the potential for improving monthly-to-seasonal forecasting of Tmax and Tmin, and the associated temperature extremes over China. Meanwhile, the limitations and uncertainties of the study should be recognized.     

Removable ears of 1-extendable graphs

<正> Carvalho,Lucchesi and Murty proved that any 1-extendable graph G different from K_2and C_(2n)has at least Δ(G)edge-disjoint removable ears,and any brick G distinct from K_4 and■hasat least Δ(G)-2 removable edges,where Δ(G)denotes the maximum degree of G.In this paper,weimprove the lower bounds for numbers of removable ears and removable edges of 1-extendable graphs.It is proved that any 1-extendable graph G different from K_2 and C_(2n)has at least χ′(G)edge-disjointremovable ears,and any brick G distinct from K_4 and■has at least χ′(G)-2 removable edges,whereχ′(G)denotes the edge-chromatic number of G.     

Exploring an Explicit Use of the Concept of Sustainability in Transport Planning

The aim of this paper is to explore an explicit use of the concept of sustainability within transport planning. This paper analyses the concept of sustainability based on a practical approach for a sustainable development of Nordhavn, an area of Copenhagen, exemplifying a complex planning problem. An exploration of the application of the concept of sustainability is carried out using elements of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). This approach indicates a need to separate the use of sustainability considerations regarding the transport planning ‘process’ from the transport planning ‘results’. The two approaches are related to the planning levels presented by Ulrich (Syst Prac 1(4):415–428, 1988). It was chosen to focus on the understanding of a sustainable transport planning process. This focus is addressed by four stakeholder groups interviewed based on the ‘ought to’ mode of Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH). Finally an outline of some of the factors of a sustainable transport planning process is proposed.     

从“小灵通”到“物联网”——当代中国人技术想象中心灵关照的缺失

在寻求发展的道路上,技术一直是最实用的工具。当代中国人经历了一代又一代的技术想象,对未来美好的描述中唯独缺失了对心灵的关照。在物联网概念得到大力推广的今天,有必要反思生活的意义究竟是什么。其实,在技术进步的今天,真正的幸福感更多来自于对心灵的关照。