The c-myc coding DNA sequences of cyprinids （Teleostei： Cypriniformes）： Implications for phylogeny

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest fish families in the world, which is widely distributed in East Asian, with obvious difference in characteristic size among species. The phylogeneUc analysis of cyprinid taxa based on the functionally important genes can help to understand the speciation and functional divergence of the Cyprinidae. The c-myc gene is an important gene regulating individual growth. In the present study, the sequence variations of the cyprinid c-myc gene and their phylogenetic significance were analyzed. The 41 complete sequences of the c-myc gene were obtained from cyprinids and outgroups through PCR amplification and clone. The coding DNA sequences of the c-myc gene were used to infer molecular phylogenetic relationships within the Cyprinidae. Myxocyprinus asiaticus （Catostomidae）, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （CobiUdae） and Hemimyzon sinensis （Homalopteridae） were assigned to the outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony （MP）, maximum likelihood （ML）, and Bayesian retrieved similar topology. Within the Cyprinidae, Leuciscini and Barbini formed the monophyletic lineage respectively with high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Xenocyprinae, CuItrinae, East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae, Gobioninae and Acheilognathinae, and Barbini contains Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. Danio rerio, D. myersi and Rasbora trilineata were supposed to separate from Leuciscinae and Barbini and to form another lineage. The positions of some Danioninae species were still unresolved. Analyses of both amino acid variation with parsimony information and two high variation regions indicated that there is no correlation between variations of single amino acid or high variation regions and characteristic size of cyprinids. In addition, the species with smaller size were usually found to be basal within clades in the tree, which might be the results of the adaptation to the primitive ecology and survival pressure.     

Experimental investigation of incremental reactivity of di-tert-butyl peroxide

Large quantities of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) have been emitted into the troposphere due to human activities. Its role in the atmospheric photochemical reaction has not been understood. This study presents the results of the photochemical reactions of DTBP and NOx, which have been simulated in a self-made smog chamber under the temperature of (29±1)℃. Both the wall decays of ozone and NO2 could be neglected, compared to the results in simulative experiments. The effective intensity of UV light used in the experiments was 1.28×10-3 s-1, which was expressed by the rate constant of NO2 photolysis in purified air. The reaction mechanism was proposed according to our results and reports of other researchers. The maximum values of incremental reactivity (IR) in the three simulative ex- periments were 9.53×10-2, 5.23×10-2 and 3.78×10-2, respectively. The incremental reactivity decreased with the increase of initial concentrations of DTBP. The IR value of DTBP obtained in this study was comparable to that of acetylene reported in our previous research.     

Reconstruction of linkage maps in the distorted segregation populations of backcross, doubled haploid and recombinant inbred lines

Non-Mendelian segregation of markers, known as distorted segregation, is a common biological phenomenon. Although segregation distortion affects the estimation of map distances and the results of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, the effects of distorted markers are often ignored in the construction of linkage maps and in QTL mapping. Recently, we have developed a multipoint method via a Hidden Markov chain method to reconstruct linkage maps in an F2 population that corrects for bias of map distances between distorted markers. In this article, the method is extended to cover backcross, doubled haploid and recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. The results from simulated experiments show that: (1) the degree that two linked segregation distortion loci (SDL) affect the estimation of map distances increases as SDL heritability and interval length between adjacent markers increase, whereas sample size has little effect on the bias; (2) two linked SDL result in the underesti- mation of linkage distances for most cases, overestimation for an additive model with opposite additive effects, and unbiased estimation for an epistatic model with negative additive-by-additive effects; (3) the proposed method can obtain the unbiased estimation of linkage distance. This new method was applied to a rice RIL population with severely distorted segregation to reconstruct the linkage maps, and a bootstrap method was used to obtain 95% confidence intervals of map distances. The results from real data analysis further demonstrate the utility of our method, which provides a foundation for the inheritance analysis of quantitative and viability traits.     

基于SOM的入侵检测算法的特征选择

针对基于单层SOM神经网络的入侵检测系统计算量大、误报率高的问题,利用SOM网络中相似模式激活神经元的物理位置邻近的特点,根据输入模式的类型,对激活的神经元进行划分,并把记录的基本特征和推导特征结合起来,对记录进行分类.研究结果表明,较小的特征子集能使系统更快地对数据进行分类,与传统的利用单层SOM神经网络方法相比,该方法计算量小、误报率低.     

江西省中小企业融资问题探析

就江西省中小企业融资问题开展深入、系统地研究，对探析江西省中小企业融资难题，推动江西省经济发展，具有十分重要的理论价值和现实意义。江西省中小企业融资难突出表现在政府努力不对称，江西省中小企业信用担保不完善，企业融资渠道单一，中小企业信用缺失，国有银行的收益不对称，国有商业银行有其自身的苦衷。提高江西省中小企业融资能力的对策建议为：改善江西省中小企业融资的宏观环境，拓展江西省中小企业融资渠道，加快江西省中小企业改革步伐，提高企业综合实力，加大江西省国有商业银行支持中小企业融资的力度。     

Plasma sheet stretching accompanied by field aligned energetic ion fluxes observed by the NUADU instrument aboard TC-2

The NUADU (NeUtral Atom Detector Unit) instrument aboard TC-2 recorded 4л solid angle images of charged particles (E >180 keV) spiraling around the magnetic field lines in the near-Earth plasma sheet (at ~ -7 RE, equatorial dawn-to-night side) during a geomagnetic storm (Dst =-219 nT) on August 24, 2005. Energetic ion beam events characterized by symmetrical, ring-like, solid angle distributions around ambient magnetic field lines were observed during a 34-minute traversal of the plasma sheet by the TC-2 spacecraft. Also, observations during these multiple crossings of the plasma sheet were monitored by the magnetometer experiment (FGM) aboard the same spacecraft. During each crossing, a whistler-mode chorus enhancement was observed in the anisotropic area by the TC-2 low frequency electromagnetic wave detector (LFEW/TC-2) at a frequency just above that of the local lower hybrid wave. A comparison of the ion pitch angle distribution (PAD) map with the ambient magnetic field shows that an enhancement in the field aligned energetic ion flux was accompanied by tailward stretching of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. In contrast, the perpendicular ion-flux enhancement was accompanied by a signature indicating the corresponding shrinkage of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. Since both parallel ion-flux and perpendicular ion-flux enhancements occurred intermittently, the data were interpreted to imply a dynamical, oscillatory process of the magnetic field line (stretching and shrinking) in the near-Earth plasma sheet, which might have acted to help establish an interaction region in this area which would support continuous aurora-substorm triggering during the ongoing magnetic storm. The whistler-mode chorus may have been produced due to ion gyro-resonance during particle pitch angle diffusion after the plasma sheet compression.     

DCT域下采样中的宏块变换算法的研究

针对视频转码的下采样过程中，因P帧中包含帧内宏块而需要在多宏块合成中对不同宏块编码方式进行转换的问题，提出一种DCT（Discrete Cosine Transform）域下的可行算法。该算法通过在DCT域下完成对参考帧的部分解码，实现帧内宏块和帧间宏块相互转化，从而高效地解决因下采样过程中多个宏块合成而导致的宏块编码方式冲突问题。     

基于ANSYS分析的拱坝体型优化

根据拱坝体形的几何特征,基于ANSYS软件的参数化设计语言(APDL),将零阶近似方法和随机搜索法结合起来对单圆心变厚度双曲拱坝进行了优化设计.计算结果表明,该优化方法求解效率高,优化后的坝体应力分布更均匀,优化效果明显.     

攀枝花尼罗人社会身份的变迁

四川省攀枝花米易境内的尼罗人,虽然与彝族杂居在一起,风俗与生活方式也有相近之处,历史上尼罗人却从不与彝族通婚,语言也不相通,尼罗人本身也坚决否认他们是彝族人。但在中国上个世纪50年代的民族识别时,他们被识别为彝族。这种政府的强制行为,使尼罗人的民族身份发生了变化,也是尼罗人在民族融合过程中,由于人口少,逐渐被单向同化,失去了本民族的文化特征。