Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science

The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally.     

Global Optimization in Any Minkowski Metric: A Permutation-Translation Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multidimensional Scaling

It is well known that considering a non-Euclidean Minkowski metric in Multidimensional Scaling, either for the distance model or for the loss function, increases the computational problem of local minima considerably. In this paper, we propose an algorithm in which both the loss function and the composition rule can be considered in any Minkowski metric, using a multivariate randomly alternating Simulated Annealing procedure with permutation and translation phases. The algorithm has been implemented in Fortran and tested over classical and simulated data matrices with sizes up to 200 objects. A study has been carried out with some of the common loss functions to determine the most suitable values for the main parameters. The experimental results confirm the theoretical expectation that Simulated Annealing is a suitable strategy to deal by itself with the optimization problems in Multidimensional Scaling, in particular for City-Block, Euclidean and Infinity metrics.     

ROLE OF α-PSEUDO-UNIVEX FUNCTIONS IN VECTOR VARIATIONAL-LIKE INEQUALITY PROBLEMS

In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized convex function, namely, a-pseudounivex function, by combining the concepts of pseudo-univex and α-invex functions. Further, we establish some relationships between vector variational-like inequality problems and vector optimization problems under the assumptions of α-pseudo-univex functions. Results obtained in this paper present a refinement and improvement of previously known results.     

A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields

The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.     

水轮发电机组H∞状态反馈综合最优控制系统

根据实际工程应用的特点，改进了Ｈ_∞状态反馈控制的算法，并给出了一种选择Ｈ_∞权矩阵的方法；以此为基础设计及研究了一种能综合控制水轮发电机组的励磁和导叶开度，集励磁调节器、调速器功能于一体的综合控制系统．结果表明，该控制器在基本不影响系统响应性能的情况下，能明显地改善系统的鲁棒性．     

一种改进的实信号IFFT算法

由于重量轻、体积小、功耗低、功能强的小卫星工作在无人干预的低温 ,高辐射的空间环境中 ,因此星上计算机系统必须满足集成度高、寿命长、可靠性高、抗辐射能力强的要求。针对立体测绘小卫星的特点 ,我们设计了满足上述要求的集集中控制与分布控制优点于一身的星上计算机系统 ,对其可靠性进行了分析 ,并对提高其可靠性应采取的关键技术进行了简要的论述。     

油溶性银漂染料的合成及性能研究

合成并鉴定了黄色、品红色及青色共１１个油溶性偶氮染料，研究了染普在溶剂中的光谱性质和油溶性，结果表明，各染料色光纯正、有害吸收少，分子支链度大的染料Ｙ－２、Ｙ－６等具有良好的油溶性，可望用于银漂感光材料。     

发现一种声波传入内耳的新途径

对一位先天性外耳道缺失的患者调查发现，声波传入内耳，除了正常的骨传导和气传导以外，还存在着一种口鼻—咽—咽鼓管—中耳—内耳途径．     

最小二乘解存在的充分必要条件

本文提出了当观测值的权矩阵为正定或半正定的前提下，其最小二乘解存在的充分必要条件为并以间接平差为例验证了该结论的正确性。