Acknowledgment of priority

Acknowledgment of priority     

Connecting Internal and External Representations: Spatial Transformations of Scientific Visualizations

Many scientific discoveries have depended on external diagrams or visualizations. Many scientists also report to use an internal mental representation or mental imagery to help them solve problems and reason. How do scientists connect these internal and external representations? We examined working scientists as they worked on external scientific visualizations. We coded the number and type of spatial transformations (mental operations that scientists used on internal or external representations or images) and found that there were a very large number of comparisons, either between different visualizations or between a visualization and the scientists’ internal mental representation. We found that when scientists compared visualization to visualization, the comparisons were based primarily on features. However, when scientists compared a visualization to their mental representation, they were attempting to align the two representations. We suggest that this alignment process is how scientists connect internal and external representations.     

Identification of a new gene mutated in Fraser syndrome and mouse myelencephalic blebs

Fraser syndrome is a recessive, multisystem disorder presenting with cryptophthalmos, syndactyly and renal defects and associated with loss-of-function mutations of the extracellular matrix protein FRAS1. Fras1 mutant mice have a blebbed phenotype characterized by intrauterine epithelial fragility generating serous and, later, hemorrhagic blisters. The myelencephalic blebs (my) strain has a similar phenotype. We mapped my to Frem2, a gene related to Fras1 and Frem1, and showed that a Frem2 gene-trap mutation was allelic to my. Expression of Frem2 in adult kidneys correlated with cyst formation in my homozygotes, indicating that the gene is required for maintaining the differentiated state of renal epithelia. Two individuals with Fraser syndrome were homozygous with respect to the same missense mutation of FREM2, confirming genetic heterogeneity. This is the only missense mutation reported in any blebbing mutant or individual with Fraser syndrome, suggesting that calcium binding in the CALXbeta-cadherin motif is important for normal functioning of FREM2.     

Acid glycosaminoglycan composition of aortic tissue from chickens fed on commercial and on cholesterol-supplemented diets

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die Verteilung von Glukosaminoglykane in der Hühneraorta offenbar im Unterschied zu menschlichem Aortengewebe in Abhängigkeit der topographischen Lage steht. Höchste Gesamtwerte für Glykosaminoglykan wurden in der Brustaorta, niedrigste in der abdominalen Aorta gefunden.     

Phagocytosis of latex particles in vitro: Effects of antilymphocyte and antithymocyte serum

Résumé Etude des effects des sérums antilymphocytes sur la phagocytose in vitro par les macrophages de la rate et du péritoine de la souris. L'inhibition partielle de la phagocytose a été transitoire; les cellules macrophages ont récupéré leur capacité fonctionelle deux jours après l'administration de sérum antilymphocyte.     

Effect of high lipid diet on circadian rhythms of tissue glycogen

Summary The well defined circadian rhythms of glycogen content in heart, diaphragm and liver of the rat are drastically altered by a high lipid diet as shown by changes in amplitude, phase and tissue glycogen levels. If sampling times had been restricted to certain hours of the day the profound effect of the high fat diet on tissue glycogen would not have been apparent.Supported by USPHS grants HL 16041-03 and HL 07094-03.