分子动力学模拟Ag-Pd 双金属团簇中不同位置Ag 原子偏析诱导的异常熔化

在双金属团簇中任意两种元素表面能的差别都会在团簇形成时产生偏析, 从而影响团簇的熔化、原子排布和结构. 因此双金属团簇中原子偏析行为的研究可以为新型纳米结构的可控制备提供理论基础. 本文用分子动力学结合嵌入原子方法研究了分布在团簇的核心层和亚表面层的Ag 原子偏析对(AgPd)₁₄₇ 团簇熔化的影响. 结果表明Ag 在Pd 团簇的不同位置时能量不同,在表面层时最稳定, 其次是核心层, 最后是亚表面层. 这造成了核心层的Ag 原子偏析到团簇的亚表面层时, 团簇原子能量随温度的增加而增大. 而亚表面层Ag 原子的偏析会使团簇原子能量随温度的增加而减小. 这种异常熔化的程度与偏析原子个数有关. 这为双金属团簇熔化行为的调节提供了有效途径.     

寄生植物和寄主植物间的物质分配

以寄生植物肉苁蓉和寄主植物梭梭为对象, 研究了寄生植物和寄主植物间的物质分配.结果显示, 肉苁蓉体内累积大量的可溶性碳水化合物, 其中可溶性总糖、淀粉以及总可溶性碳水化合物总量分别达到了5.56, 2.73, 8.29 g/株, 分别占梭梭肉苁蓉复合体的51.01%, 60.13%,53.73%; 肉苁蓉对K, P, Zn, Cu 的累积较多, 总量分别达到了348.15, 18.94, 0.24, 0.14 mg/株, 分别占复合体的18.46%, 16.36%, 7.27%, 5.67%. 本研究结果为寄生植物和寄主植物间的物质分配调节提供了初步的理论依据.     

CdTe/ZnS 量子点荧光可逆调控研究ctDNA 与吡柔比星的相互作用

水相合成了谷胱甘肽修饰的CdTe/ZnS 量子点(GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs). 从原子力显微镜照片可以看出, 合成的核壳型GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 具有良好的分散性. 当吡柔比星与GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 相互作用时, 吡柔比星吸附在GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的表面, 通过光诱导电子转移的方式猝灭GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的荧光. 然后向GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs-吡柔比星体系中加入ctDNA, 吡柔比星从GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 表面脱落后嵌入ctDNA 双螺旋结构中, 光诱导电子转移过程被阻断, GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的荧光恢复. 根据GSH-CdTe/ZnSQDs 荧光的猝灭和恢复, 实现了量子点荧光的可逆调控. 结合共振瑞利散射和紫外吸收光谱, 讨论了GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 吡柔比星-ctDNA 的相互作用机理, 建立了一种研究蒽醌类抗癌药物与核酸相互作用的光谱方法.     

换热器内随温度变化的黏度对两流体(火积)的影响

以橄榄油为例来研究黏度固定和黏度为温度函数的情况下黏性热效应对顺流换热器内两流体相似文献   

有机半导体异质结电荷产生层及其在叠层有机发光二极管中的应用

叠层有机发光二极管因其具有更高的亮度、效率以及稳定性, 其研究备受关注.本文综述了叠层有机发光二极管的最新进展; 总结了作者研究小组基于有机半导体异质结的概念, 设计了由一种p 型有机半导体和一种n 型有机半导体层层组成的双层有机半导体异质结电荷产生层, 并用它们作为连接单元制备了叠层有机发光二极管, 器件的电压得到了降低, 功率效率得到了提高. 通过对电荷产生层的工作机制的深入剖析, 揭示了降低电压、提高功率效率的内在物理原因, 为进一步设计高性能有机电致发光器件提供了新的思路; 最后对叠层有机发光二极管的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

集成微流控芯片

作为一种能够在微米级尺度操纵液体的新兴技术, 微流控芯片已经受到科学家们的广泛关注. 高密度集成的微流控芯片装置可以实现高通量并行化的实验以及多种操作单元的功能一体化, 作为一种新的方法学平台, 已经越来越多地应用于化学和生命科学的研究中. 本文着重介绍了集成化微流控芯片装置的基本概念、构建方法、及其在细胞生物学、分子生物学以及化学合成应用研究中的最新进展, 尤其强调了集成微流控芯片系统在传统方法难以达成或实现的单细胞和高通量的研究中的优势, 展望了集成化微流控芯片在化学以及生命科学中的应用前景.     

Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries

One billion people depend on seafood as their primary source of protein and 25% of the world's total animal protein comes from fisheries. Yet a third of fish stocks worldwide are overexploited or depleted. Using individual case studies, many have argued that community-based co-management should prevent the tragedy of the commons because cooperative management by fishers, managers and scientists often results in sustainable fisheries. However, general and multidisciplinary evaluations of co-management regimes and the conditions for social, economic and ecological success within such regimes are lacking. Here we examine 130 co-managed fisheries in a wide range of countries with different degrees of development, ecosystems, fishing sectors and type of resources. We identified strong leadership as the most important attribute contributing to success, followed by individual or community quotas, social cohesion and protected areas. Less important conditions included enforcement mechanisms, long-term management policies and life history of the resources. Fisheries were most successful when at least eight co-management attributes were present, showing a strong positive relationship between the number of these attributes and success, owing to redundancy in management regulations. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of prominent community leaders and robust social capital, combined with clear incentives through catch shares and conservation benefits derived from protected areas, for successfully managing aquatic resources and securing the livelihoods of communities depending on them. Our study offers hope that co-management, the only realistic solution for the majority of the world's fisheries, can solve many of the problems facing global fisheries.     

Cell-type-specific replication initiation programs set fragility of the FRA3B fragile site

Common fragile sites have long been identified by cytogeneticists as chromosomal regions prone to breakage upon replication stress. They are increasingly recognized to be preferential targets for oncogene-induced DNA damage in pre-neoplastic lesions and hotspots for chromosomal rearrangements in various cancers. Common fragile site instability was attributed to the fact that they contain sequences prone to form secondary structures that may impair replication fork movement, possibly leading to fork collapse resulting in DNA breaks. Here we show, in contrast to this view, that the fragility of FRA3B--the most active common fragile site in human lymphocytes--does not rely on fork slowing or stalling but on a paucity of initiation events. Indeed, in lymphoblastoid cells, but not in fibroblasts, initiation events are excluded from a FRA3B core extending approximately 700 kilobases, which forces forks coming from flanking regions to cover long distances in order to complete replication. We also show that origins of the flanking regions fire in mid-S phase, leaving the site incompletely replicated upon fork slowing. Notably, FRA3B instability is specific to cells showing this particular initiation pattern. The fact that both origin setting and replication timing are highly plastic in mammalian cells explains the tissue specificity of common fragile site instability we observed. Thus, we propose that common fragile sites correspond to the latest initiation-poor regions to complete replication in a given cell type. For historical reasons, common fragile sites have been essentially mapped in lymphocytes. Therefore, common fragile site contribution to chromosomal rearrangements in tumours should be reassessed after mapping fragile sites in the cell type from which each tumour originates.     

The unusual minimum of sunspot cycle 23 caused by meridional plasma flow variations

Direct observations over the past four centuries show that the number of sunspots observed on the Sun's surface varies periodically, going through successive maxima and minima. Following sunspot cycle 23, the Sun went into a prolonged minimum characterized by a very weak polar magnetic field and an unusually large number of days without sunspots. Sunspots are strongly magnetized regions generated by a dynamo mechanism that recreates the solar polar field mediated through plasma flows. Here we report results from kinematic dynamo simulations which demonstrate that a fast meridional flow in the first half of a cycle, followed by a slower flow in the second half, reproduces both characteristics of the minimum of sunspot cycle 23. Our model predicts that, in general, very deep minima are associated with weak polar fields. Sunspots govern the solar radiative energy and radio flux, and, in conjunction with the polar field, modulate the solar wind, the heliospheric open flux and, consequently, the cosmic ray flux at Earth.     

试论职前英语教师的专业发展——同伴录像在免费师范生教育实习中的有效应用

为创新实践教学、提高实习实效,在免费师范生教育实习中开展基于社会建构主义、多模态话语分析理论的同伴录像.通过构建基于同伴录像的教育实习体系,在集体备课→导师教案指导→上课与同伴录像→录像回放→刺激回忆与导师、同伴讨论→个体反思→教学新设计→教学新行动等循环往复的过程中,提升实习生的课堂教学自信与专业发展意识,发展与他人合作交流的能力,提高教学技能与反思能力,促进了职前英语教师的专业发展.