合成糖苷及寡糖的新方法研究(Ⅰ)--C1羟基的直接糖苷化反应

报道了C1羟基的直接糖苷化方法,用此方法合成了三个单糖苷化合物,并对所合成的化合物的结构进行了表征.     

珠江口盆地番禺4洼珠江组层序地层及其约束下砂体发育模式

根据钻测井资料及地震资料,对番禺4洼珠江组层序地层进行研究,明确砂体发育特征与层序地层的关系,进一步分析二级层序不同演化阶段海平面变化、物源供给、构造沉降要素对砂体发育的影响,并建立二级层序控制要素作用下砂体发育模式。结果表明研究区珠江组可划分为1个二级层序,5个三级层序,各三级层序均只发育海侵体系域和高位体系域;不同三级层序的结构特征存在差异,其中三级层序SQ1和SQ2海侵体系域和高位体系域均较为发育,而三级层序SQ3~SQ5以高位体系域为主;砂体发育特征与二级层序基准面演化及三级层序结构密切相关,二级层序基准面上升半旋回,砂岩含量整体有降低趋势,单层砂岩厚度减小;二级层序基准面下降半旋回,砂岩含量整体有增大趋势,晚期单层砂岩厚度明显增大;三级层序SQ3~SQ5砂体主要发育在高位域;全球三级海平面升降旋回控制研究区三级层序的发育及结构类型,进一步控制不同结构三级层序的砂体发育规律;物源与二级相对海平面共同控制二级层序内砂体的垂向叠置样式和平面演化。     

System of systems approach to policy development for global food security

<正>A formal policy development framework,based on a system of systems(SoS) approach,is synthesized to systematically address,in an integrative and adaptive fashion,major global challenges, such as the current food and financial crises,and their interactions with other key natural,societal,and technological systems.A SoS approach seeks to respect the different value systems of multiple participants,to harness complexity through effective integration,and to engage the world of uncertainty and unpredictability with an adaptive response.Faced with the present global challenges, what is needed are strategic and operational methods which lead to ethical policies,enhance integrative and adaptive management practices,and are able to direct conflict resolution in a positive direction. Policy makers need tools to model and analyze complex systems which they are trying to responsibly govern,taking into account values and risks to design and evaluate different policies.A preliminary investigation into the global food system is undertaken to understand the SoS and to provide insights on how to carry out policy development using the proposed framework.     

Systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies

Much of our knowledge of galaxies comes from analysing the radiation emitted by their stars, which depends on the present number of each type of star in the galaxy. The present number depends on the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which describes the distribution of stellar masses when the population formed, and knowledge of it is critical to almost every aspect of galaxy evolution. More than 50 years after the first IMF determination, no consensus has emerged on whether it is universal among different types of galaxies. Previous studies indicated that the IMF and the dark matter fraction in galaxy centres cannot both be universal, but they could not convincingly discriminate between the two possibilities. Only recently were indications found that massive elliptical galaxies may not have the same IMF as the Milky Way. Here we report a study of the two-dimensional stellar kinematics for the large representative ATLAS(3D) sample of nearby early-type galaxies spanning two orders of magnitude in stellar mass, using detailed dynamical models. We find a strong systematic variation in IMF in early-type galaxies as a function of their stellar mass-to-light ratios, producing differences of a factor of up to three in galactic stellar mass. This implies that a galaxy's IMF depends intimately on the galaxy's formation history.     

Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex

SCF complexes are the largest family of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases and mediate the ubiquitination of diverse regulatory and signalling proteins. Here we present the crystal structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF complex, which shows that Cul1 is an elongated protein that consists of a long stalk and a globular domain. The globular domain binds the RING finger protein Rbx1 through an intermolecular beta-sheet, forming a two-subunit catalytic core that recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The long stalk, which consists of three repeats of a novel five-helix motif, binds the Skp1-F boxSkp2 protein substrate-recognition complex at its tip. Cul1 serves as a rigid scaffold that organizes the Skp1-F boxSkp2 and Rbx1 subunits, holding them over 100 A apart. The structure suggests that Cul1 may contribute to catalysis through the positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and this model is supported by Cul1 mutations designed to eliminate the rigidity of the scaffold.     

Sperm from neonatal mammalian testes grafted in mice

Spermatogenesis is a productive and highly organized process that generates virtually unlimited numbers of sperm during adulthood. Continuous proliferation and differentiation of germ cells occur in a delicate balance with other testicular compartments, especially the supporting Sertoli cells. Many complex aspects of testis function in humans and large animals have remained elusive because of a lack of suitable in vitro or in vivo models. Germ cell transplantation has produced complete donor-derived spermatogenesis in rodents but not in other mammalian species. Production of sperm in grafted tissue from immature mammalian testes and across species has not yet been accomplished. Here we report the establishment of complete spermatogenesis by grafting testis tissue from newborn mice, pigs or goats into mouse hosts. This approach maintains structural integrity and provides the accessibility that is essential for studying and manipulating the function of testes and for preserving the male germ line. Our results indicate that this approach is applicable to diverse mammalian species.     

基坑开挖对近邻建筑物沉降影响的数值模拟

基坑开挖引起的近邻建筑物沉降变形是多种因素耦合作用的结果，现有的计算理论很难考虑这种多因素的耦合作用。针对这一问题，采用大型工程软件FLAC-2D对土钉墙支护形式下基坑开挖引起的近邻建筑物沉降问题进行了数值模拟分析，得出了一些基本结论：基坑开挖深度较小时，建筑物的绝对沉降量随基坑开挖深度的增加而接近线性增加，并受建筑物层数的影响较大；建筑物的不均匀沉降随基坑开挖深度的增加而增加，但增加量随建筑物距基坑距离的增加而减小；建筑物的倾斜方向随建筑物与基坑距离的增加由背离基坑方向转变为朝向基坑方向等。     

双子两性磷酸酯/十二烷基硫酸钠复配体系的表面活性

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和双子两性磷酸酯表面活性剂(C12GP)的形成胶束能力和降低表面张力能力的协同作用,发现C12GP与SDS摩尔比为4:1时增效作用显著.考察了无机盐、醇对复配体系表面活性的影响.结果表明:加盐能够提高表面活性;短链脂肪醇作为添加剂应用于复配体系后,当混合表面活性剂的浓度较低时,其临界胶束浓度(ccm)比直接使用混合表面活性剂的ccm有所下降;同时长链脂肪醇作为添加剂应用于复配体系后,其ccm比直接使用混合表面活性剂的ccm下降显著.     

Low-populated folding intermediates of Fyn SH3 characterized by relaxation dispersion NMR

Many biochemical processes proceed through the formation of functionally significant intermediates. Although the identification and characterization of such species can provide vital clues about the mechanisms of the reactions involved, it is challenging to obtain information of this type in cases where the intermediates are transient or present only at low population. One important example of such a situation involves the folding behaviour of small proteins that represents a model for the acquisition of functional structure in biology. Here we use relaxation dispersion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify, for two mutational variants of one such protein, the SH3 domain from Fyn tyrosine kinase, a low-population folding intermediate in equilibrium with its unfolded and fully folded states. By performing the NMR experiments at different temperatures, this approach has enabled characterization of the kinetics and energetics of the folding process as well as providing structures of the intermediates. A general strategy emerges for an experimental determination of the energy landscape of a protein by applying this methodology to a series of mutants whose intermediates have differing degrees of native-like structure.