用简单旋转装置实现三维相机多视角数据采集

提出一种用简单旋转装置实现单视角三维相机对物体进行多视角表面数据采集的方法.论述了基于这一方法的多视角三维相机的构造,旋转装置参数的标定,以及不同视角采集的物体表面三维数据直接通过相应的空间坐标变换关系对齐复位的方法;推导了关于旋转角度的空间坐标变换函数,分析了由旋转装置引入的多视角数据对齐复位的误差,最后给出了实例并进行了讨论.本方法构成的多视角三维相机将具有系统简单,采集过程无需附加操作和特殊要求,可确定的对齐复位精度以及全自动化的快速采集复位过程等特点.     

The auroral footprint of Enceladus on Saturn

Although there are substantial differences between the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, it has been suggested that cryovolcanic activity at Enceladus could lead to electrodynamic coupling between Enceladus and Saturn like that which links Jupiter with Io, Europa and Ganymede. Powerful field-aligned electron beams associated with the Io-Jupiter coupling, for example, create an auroral footprint in Jupiter's ionosphere. Auroral ultraviolet emission associated with Enceladus-Saturn coupling is anticipated to be just a few tenths of a kilorayleigh (ref. 12), about an order of magnitude dimmer than Io's footprint and below the observable threshold, consistent with its non-detection. Here we report the detection of magnetic-field-aligned ion and electron beams (offset several moon radii downstream from Enceladus) with sufficient power to stimulate detectable aurora, and the subsequent discovery of Enceladus-associated aurora in a few per cent of the scans of the moon's footprint. The footprint varies in emission magnitude more than can plausibly be explained by changes in magnetospheric parameters--and as such is probably indicative of variable plume activity.     

Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells

Peptidoglycan is the major structural constituent of the bacterial cell wall, forming a meshwork outside the cytoplasmic membrane that maintains cell shape and prevents lysis. In Gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is located in the periplasm, where it is protected from exogenous lytic enzymes by the outer membrane. Here we show that the type VI secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa breaches this barrier to deliver two effector proteins, Tse1 and Tse3, to the periplasm of recipient cells. In this compartment, the effectors hydrolyse peptidoglycan, thereby providing a fitness advantage for P. aeruginosa cells in competition with other bacteria. To protect itself from lysis by Tse1 and Tse3, P. aeruginosa uses specific periplasmically localized immunity proteins. The requirement for these immunity proteins depends on intercellular self-intoxication through an active type VI secretion system, indicating a mechanism for export whereby effectors do not access donor cell periplasm in transit.     

基于改进ARMA模型的时用水量预测

针对时用水量存在周期性的特点,引入季节因子,采用时变ARMA季节模型对非线性非平稳系统的时用水量进行模拟.以杭州市实测用水量为例,分别采用时不变ARMA季节模型和时变ARMA季节模型进行时用水量预测,结果表明时变ARMA季节模型预测精度相对较高,且预测误差相对稳定,较时不变模型更具有实用性.     

数学与文化2——视觉完美性：数学与创造

创造在人类所有活动中扮演着一个重要的角色。本书是《数学与文化》丛书中的第二本，着重介绍数学、文化与众多领域的创造之间的紧密联系，这些领域包括建筑、当代艺术、地理、计算机绘图、文艺、戏剧和电影。近年来，得益于计算机绘图的出现，可视化在数学的某些部分中的角色越来越引人注目。这类新“可视化数学”必然会为艺术创造与数学之间的联系打开新路，本书收集了关于这些问题的论文。     

ZnO和Nb2O5共掺杂钛酸锶钡陶瓷的结构及其介电性能研究

采用固相反应法制备了ZnO、Nb 2 O 5共掺杂Ba 0.2 Sr 0.8 TiO 3陶瓷材料,并用X射线衍射（XRD）和介电谱方法,分别对系列陶瓷样品的结构和复介电常数进行了测量.结果表明：1）Zn2＋、Nb5＋进入Ba 0.2 Sr 0.8 TiO 3晶格后仍然为钙钛矿型固溶体;2）Nb 2 O 5会使得材料的低温弥散相变过程转变为弛豫相变过程,并在300～360K区域内会出现新的弛豫过程;3）掺入一定量的ZnO后Nb2O5掺入降低了Ba 0.2 Sr 0.8 TiO 3陶瓷材料的介电常数,增大了其介电损耗.     

Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences

We report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of the grey, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). As the first metatherian ('marsupial') species to be sequenced, the opossum provides a unique perspective on the organization and evolution of mammalian genomes. Distinctive features of the opossum chromosomes provide support for recent theories about genome evolution and function, including a strong influence of biased gene conversion on nucleotide sequence composition, and a relationship between chromosomal characteristics and X chromosome inactivation. Comparison of opossum and eutherian genomes also reveals a sharp difference in evolutionary innovation between protein-coding and non-coding functional elements. True innovation in protein-coding genes seems to be relatively rare, with lineage-specific differences being largely due to diversification and rapid turnover in gene families involved in environmental interactions. In contrast, about 20% of eutherian conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) are recent inventions that postdate the divergence of Eutheria and Metatheria. A substantial proportion of these eutherian-specific CNEs arose from sequence inserted by transposable elements, pointing to transposons as a major creative force in the evolution of mammalian gene regulation.     

Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail

Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze. It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory. However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading. In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization, we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.