基于SIMULINK的Fuzzy-PID控制器设计

设计了一种Fuzzy-PID控制算法，利用MATLAB的SIMULINK进行仿真研究，结果表明，该控制器具有较强的抗干扰能力和鲁棒性，有较好的动、静态控制精度．     

New Sclerocactus (Cactaceae) from Nevada

Named as new is Sclerocactus schlesseri Heil & Welsh. The taxon is described and its relationships discussed.     

For whom the bell tolls? DING proteins in health and disease

DING proteins, identified mainly by their eponymous N-terminal sequences, are ubiquitous in living organisms. Amongst bacteria, they are common in pseudomonads, and have been characterised with respect to genetics and structure. They form part of a wider family of phosphate-binding proteins, with emerging roles in phosphate acquisition and pathogenicity. Many DING proteins have been isolated in eukaryotes, in which they have been associated with very diverse biological activities, often in the context of possible signalling roles. Disease states in which DING proteins have been implicated include rheumatoid arthritis, lithiasis, atherosclerosis, some tumours and tumour-associated cachexia, and bacterial and viral adherence. Complete genetic and structural characterisation of eukaryotic DING genes and proteins is still lacking, though the phosphate-binding site seems to be conserved. Whether as bacterial proteins related to bacterial pathogenicity, or as eukaryotic components of biochemical signalling systems, DING proteins require further study. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Local charge of the ν = 5/2 fractional quantum Hall state

Electrons moving in two dimensions under the influence of strong magnetic fields effectively lose their kinetic energy and display exotic behaviour dominated by Coulomb forces. When the ratio of electrons to magnetic flux quanta in the system (ν) is near 5/2, the electrons are predicted to condense into a correlated phase with fractionally charged quasiparticles and a ground-state degeneracy that grows exponentially as these quasiparticles are introduced. The only way for electrons to transform between the many ground states would be to braid the fractional excitations around each other. This property has been proposed as the basis of a fault-tolerant quantum computer. Here we present observations of localized quasiparticles at ν = 5/2, confined to puddles by disorder. Using a local electrometer to compare how quasiparticles at ν = 5/2 and ν = 7/3 charge these puddles, we were able to extract the ratio of local charges for these states. Averaged over several disorder configurations and samples, we found the ratio to be 4/3, suggesting that the local charges are = e/3 and = e/4, where e is the charge of an electron. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions for a paired state at ν = 5/2. Confirming the existence of localized e/4 quasiparticles shows that proposed interferometry experiments to test statistics and computational ability of the state at ν = 5/2 would be possible.     

Macropinocytosis,mTORC1 and cellular growth control

The growth and proliferation of metazoan cells are driven by cellular nutrient status and by extracellular growth factors. Growth factor receptors on cell surfaces initiate biochemical signals that increase anabolic metabolism and macropinocytosis, an actin-dependent endocytic process in which relatively large volumes of extracellular solutes and nutrients are internalized and delivered efficiently into lysosomes. Macropinocytosis is prominent in many kinds of cancer cells, and supports the growth of cells transformed by oncogenic K-Ras. Growth factor receptor signaling and the overall metabolic status of the cell are coordinated in the cytoplasm by the mechanistic target-of-rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), which positively regulates protein synthesis and negatively regulates molecular salvage pathways such as autophagy. mTORC1 is activated by two distinct Ras-related small GTPases, Rag and Rheb, which associate with lysosomal membranes inside the cell. Rag recruits mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface where Rheb directly binds to and activates mTORC1. Rag is activated by both lysosomal luminal and cytosolic amino acids; Rheb activation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and the tuberous sclerosis complex-1/2. Signals for activation of Rag and Rheb converge at the lysosomal membrane, and several lines of evidence support the idea that growth factor-dependent endocytosis facilitates amino acid transfer into the lysosome leading to the activation of Rag. This review summarizes evidence that growth factor-stimulated macropinocytosis is essential for amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1, and that increased solute accumulation by macropinocytosis in transformed cells supports unchecked cell growth.     

Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis

Atopic disease, including atopic dermatitis (eczema), allergy and asthma, has increased in frequency in recent decades and now affects approximately 20% of the population in the developed world. Twin and family studies have shown that predisposition to atopic disease is highly heritable. Although most genetic studies have focused on immunological mechanisms, a primary epithelial barrier defect has been anticipated. Filaggrin is a key protein that facilitates terminal differentiation of the epidermis and formation of the skin barrier. Here we show that two independent loss-of-function genetic variants (R510X and 2282del4) in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are very strong predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis. These variants are carried by approximately 9% of people of European origin. These variants also show highly significant association with asthma occurring in the context of atopic dermatitis. This work establishes a key role for impaired skin barrier function in the development of atopic disease.     

双曲型叶片的数控加工模型研究

给出双曲型点构成的叶片工作面的解析方程,并用主曲率方法给出了刀具参数、数控加工中的步长和行距的定量计算模型,最后用等螺距叶片工作面算例验证本文所供方法不但确保了叶片工作面造型精度,而且大大地提高了加工效率．     

引射式压力恢复系统的振动抑制技术

为了提高引射式压力恢复系统振动抑制性能,减小本系统振动对其他系统的影响,分析了系统的振动特性和振型,建立了系统振动力和主振型数学模型,利用时域信号取均方根方法测试了系统3个支座动态振动力,振动力沿气流方向逐渐减小。采用被动控制振动抑制技术,根据振动力设计制作了减振器,研究了橡胶块与金属弹簧并联再加配重以及橡胶块加配重2种减振器模型的减振效果。结果表明:橡胶块与金属弹簧并联、加配重45.2kg的减振器模型减振效果好,当控制点输入加速度为5 g时,减振效果最佳。激励强度大小、弹簧刚度和阻尼等参数的优化能够提高减振器的减振性能。     

汽轮发电机组振动故障诊断的模糊输入方法

针对汽轮发电机组振动故障的特点,构造了一模糊神经网络（ＦＮＮ）诊断模型,讨论了网络的多种模糊化输入,输出方式,并对两种模糊输入方法进行了对比分析。最后运用该诊断方法与传统的ＢＰ网络诊断方法进行比较。结果表明：模糊神经网络诊断方法对汽轮发电机组振动故障的识别是有效的,且在分类模糊边界数据时优于ＢＰ网络诊断方法。