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71.
Song K Nam YJ Luo X Qi X Tan W Huang GN Acharya A Smith CL Tallquist MD Neilson EG Hill JA Bassel-Duby R Olson EN 《Nature》2012,485(7400):599-604
72.
John Lambert David Duhon Joseph Peyrefitte 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2012,25(3):223-240
On April 20, 2010, the blast on the rig Deepwater Horizon, and the ensuing disaster known as the BP oil spill, has disrupted the Gulf Coast Shrimp supply chain. Six elements of the systemic supply and demand side of that supply chain are identified and discussed. On the supply side are shrimpers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, and restaurants. On the demand side is the consumer. Qualitative investigative methods shed light upon the systemic practice within the gulf coast shrimp industry in the United States. 相似文献
73.
74.
Orton GS Yanamandra-Fisher PA Fisher BM Friedson AJ Parrish PD Nelson JF Bauermeister AS Fletcher L Gezari DY Varosi F Tokunaga AT Caldwell J Baines KH Hora JL Ressler ME Fujiyoshi T Fuse T Hagopian H Martin TZ Bergstralh JT Howett C Hoffmann WF Deutsch LK Van Cleve JE Noe E Adams JD Kassis M Tollestrup E 《Nature》2008,453(7192):196-199
Observations of oscillations of temperature and wind in planetary atmospheres provide a means of generalizing models for atmospheric dynamics in a diverse set of planets in the Solar System and elsewhere. An equatorial oscillation similar to one in the Earth's atmosphere has been discovered in Jupiter. Here we report the existence of similar oscillations in Saturn's atmosphere, from an analysis of over two decades of spatially resolved observations of its 7.8-microm methane and 12.2-microm ethane stratospheric emissions, where we compare zonal-mean stratospheric brightness temperatures at planetographic latitudes of 3.6 degrees and 15.5 degrees in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. These results support the interpretation of vertical and meridional variability of temperatures in Saturn's stratosphere as a manifestation of a wave phenomenon similar to that on the Earth and in Jupiter. The period of this oscillation is 14.8 +/- 1.2 terrestrial years, roughly half of Saturn's year, suggesting the influence of seasonal forcing, as is the case with the Earth's semi-annual oscillation. 相似文献
75.
Guo W Lasky JL Chang CJ Mosessian S Lewis X Xiao Y Yeh JE Chen JY Iruela-Arispe ML Varella-Garcia M Wu H 《Nature》2008,453(7194):529-533
Cancer stem cells, which share many common properties and regulatory machineries with normal stem cells, have recently been proposed to be responsible for tumorigenesis and to contribute to cancer resistance. The main challenges in cancer biology are to identify cancer stem cells and to define the molecular events required for transforming normal cells to cancer stem cells. Here we show that Pten deletion in mouse haematopoietic stem cells leads to a myeloproliferative disorder, followed by acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). Self-renewable leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) are enriched in the c-Kit(mid)CD3(+)Lin(-) compartment, where unphosphorylated beta-catenin is significantly increased. Conditional ablation of one allele of the beta-catenin gene substantially decreases the incidence and delays the occurrence of T-ALL caused by Pten loss, indicating that activation of the beta-catenin pathway may contribute to the formation or expansion of the LSC population. Moreover, a recurring chromosomal translocation, T(14;15), results in aberrant overexpression of the c-myc oncogene in c-Kit(mid)CD3(+)Lin(-) LSCs and CD3(+) leukaemic blasts, recapitulating a subset of human T-ALL. No alterations in Notch1 signalling are detected in this model, suggesting that Pten inactivation and c-myc overexpression may substitute functionally for Notch1 abnormalities, leading to T-ALL development. Our study indicates that multiple genetic or molecular alterations contribute cooperatively to LSC transformation. 相似文献
76.
JosephO'Connor 《科技潮》2004,(11):10-11
主要是被描述为由院所、高校为中心的技术主导型的创新体制向以企业为中心的市场主导型的创新体制的转变。北京是中国的文化和科技中心,北京的高等学府吸引了全国最优秀的人才,同时高校的设施也为开展研究工作提供了支撑。 相似文献
77.
Pryor WR Rymer AM Mitchell DG Hill TW Young DT Saur J Jones GH Jacobsen S Cowley SW Mauk BH Coates AJ Gustin J Grodent D Gérard JC Lamy L Nichols JD Krimigis SM Esposito LW Dougherty MK Jouchoux AJ Stewart AI McClintock WE Holsclaw GM Ajello JM Colwell JE Hendrix AR Crary FJ Clarke JT Zhou X 《Nature》2011,472(7343):331-333
Although there are substantial differences between the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, it has been suggested that cryovolcanic activity at Enceladus could lead to electrodynamic coupling between Enceladus and Saturn like that which links Jupiter with Io, Europa and Ganymede. Powerful field-aligned electron beams associated with the Io-Jupiter coupling, for example, create an auroral footprint in Jupiter's ionosphere. Auroral ultraviolet emission associated with Enceladus-Saturn coupling is anticipated to be just a few tenths of a kilorayleigh (ref. 12), about an order of magnitude dimmer than Io's footprint and below the observable threshold, consistent with its non-detection. Here we report the detection of magnetic-field-aligned ion and electron beams (offset several moon radii downstream from Enceladus) with sufficient power to stimulate detectable aurora, and the subsequent discovery of Enceladus-associated aurora in a few per cent of the scans of the moon's footprint. The footprint varies in emission magnitude more than can plausibly be explained by changes in magnetospheric parameters--and as such is probably indicative of variable plume activity. 相似文献
78.
Based on introducing the concept of the metric induced by a set of vectors, as well as minimizing the maximum amplitude of
residual vibrations in the sense of this metric, an approach for determining the balance correction for flexible shafts is
presented. The advantages of the proposed method are two-fold. Firstly, the approach is available when upper bound constraints
on balance corrections exist, and the resulted balance correction is approximately optimal. Secondly, the balance correction
can be easily calculated by solving a linear programming problem. 相似文献
79.
Evolution of the chalcone-isomerase fold from fatty-acid binding to stereospecific catalysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ngaki MN Louie GV Philippe RN Manning G Pojer F Bowman ME Li L Larsen E Wurtele ES Noel JP 《Nature》2012,485(7399):530-533
Specialized metabolic enzymes biosynthesize chemicals of ecological importance, often sharing a pedigree with primary metabolic enzymes. However, the lineage of the enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI) remained unknown. In vascular plants, CHI-catalysed conversion of chalcones to chiral (S)-flavanones is a committed step in the production of plant flavonoids, compounds that contribute to attraction, defence and development. CHI operates near the diffusion limit with stereospecific control. Although associated primarily with plants, the CHI fold occurs in several other eukaryotic lineages and in some bacteria. Here we report crystal structures, ligand-binding properties and in vivo functional characterization of a non-catalytic CHI-fold family from plants. Arabidopsis thaliana contains five actively transcribed genes encoding CHI-fold proteins, three of which additionally encode amino-terminal chloroplast-transit sequences. These three CHI-fold proteins localize to plastids, the site of de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis in plant cells. Furthermore, their expression profiles correlate with those of core fatty-acid biosynthetic enzymes, with maximal expression occurring in seeds and coinciding with increased fatty-acid storage in the developing embryo. In vitro, these proteins are fatty-acid-binding proteins (FAPs). FAP knockout A. thaliana plants show elevated α-linolenic acid levels and marked reproductive defects, including aberrant seed formation. Notably, the FAP discovery defines the adaptive evolution of a stereospecific and catalytically 'perfected' enzyme from a non-enzymatic ancestor over a defined period of plant evolution. 相似文献
80.
曹志刚 《清华大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,46(4):516-518
为了避免超宽带信号对现有通信系统的干扰,其发射功率受到严格的限制,这在很大程度上限制了超宽带通信的覆盖范围。该文研究基于自适应多输入多输出正交频分复用的方案,以使超宽带系统在低信噪比要求下能够实现有效通信。该方法充分利用多天线分集和超宽带信道的多径效应,通过自适应调制,在信噪比较好的子载波上传输更多的信息,从而提高了超宽带链路的鲁棒性。在改进的Sa leh-V a lenzue la信道模型上的仿真结果表明,该系统与传统的正交频分复用相比,在信噪比性能上有8~18 dB的提高。 相似文献