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101.
J. Bruce Brackenridge 《Archive for History of Exact Sciences》2003,57(4):313-336
In the 1687 Principia, Newton gave a solution to the direct problem (given the orbit and center of force, find the central force) for a conic-section
with a focal center of force (answer: a reciprocal square force) and for a spiral orbit with a polar center of force (answer:
a reciprocal cube force). He did not, however, give solutions for the two corresponding inverse problems (given the force
and center of force, find the orbit). He gave a cryptic solution to the inverse problem of a reciprocal cube force, but offered no solution for the reciprocal square force. Some take this omission as an indication that Newton could not solve the reciprocal square, for, they ask, why else
would he not select this important problem? Others claim that ``it is child's play' for him, as evidenced by his 1671 catalogue
of quadratures (tables of integrals). The answer to that question is obscured for all who attempt to work through Newton's
published solution of the reciprocal cube force because it is done in the synthetic geometric style of the 1687 Principia rather than in the analytic algebraic style that Newton employed until 1671. In response to a request from David Gregory
in 1694, however, Newton produced an analytic version of the body of the proof, but one which still had a geometric conclusion.
Newton's charge is to find both ``the orbit' and ``the time in orbit.' In the determination of the dependence of the time on orbital position, t(r), Newton
evaluated an integral of the form ∫dx/x
n
to calculate a finite algebraic equation for the area swept out as a function of the radius, but he did not write out the
analytic expression for time t = t(r), even though he knew that the time t is proportional to that area. In the determination
of the orbit, θ (r), Newton obtained an integral of the form ∫dx/√(1−x2) for the area that is proportional to the angle θ, an integral he had shown in his 1669 On Analysis by Infinite Equations to be equal to the arcsin(x). Since the solution must therefore contain a transcendental function, he knew that a finite
algebraic solution for θ=θ(r) did not exist for ``the orbit' as it had for ``the time in orbit.' In contrast to these two
solutions for the inverse cube force, however, it is not possible in the inverse square solution to generate a finite algebraic
expression for either ``the orbit' or ``the time in orbit.' In fact, in Lemma 28, Newton offers a demonstration that the
area of an ellipse cannot be given by a finite equation. I claim that the limitation of Lemma 28 forces Newton to reject the
inverse square force as an example and to choose instead the reciprocal cube force as his example in Proposition 41.
(Received August 14, 2002)
Published online March 26, 2003
Communicated by G. Smith 相似文献
102.
卢武星 《北京师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1994,(4)
1.0MeV208Pb离子在非晶Si中的投影射程RP和射程偏差ΔRP作为注量和温度二者的函数用背散射法进行测定.注量的变化范围为5×1013~7×1014cm-2.注入是在室温和t=-120℃下完成的.由由实验所确定的投影射程,射程偏差与注量或温度无关,并且分别等于295和72.2nm.与TRIM86的计算结果相比较,发现RP的偏离为18%,而ΔRP的偏离为36%.RP和ΔRP二者与注量及温度的无关性,排除了所观察到的与TRIM的矛盾是由于注入期间辐射增强扩散或离子束混合效应而引起的解释。 相似文献
103.
The genetic engineering of production traits in domestic animals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
104.
Non-Minimum Phase Nonlinear System Predictive Control Based on Local Recurrent Neural Networks 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: After a recursive multi-step-ahead predictor for nonlinear systems based on local recurrent neural networks isintroduced, an intelligent PID controller is adopted to correct the errors including identified model errors and accumulatederrors produced in the recursive process. Characterized by predictive control, this method can achieve a good controlaccuracy and has good robustness. A simulation study shows that this control algorithm is very effective. 相似文献
105.
Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example. 相似文献
106.
M. Ishibashi M. Tsuda Y. Ohizumi T. Sasaki J. Kobayashi 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1991,47(3):299-300
Summary A new bromotyrosine-derived alkaloid with antileukemic activity, purealidin A (5), has been isolated from the Okinawan marine spongePsammaplysilla purea and its chemical structure elucidated on the basis of the spectroscopic data. 相似文献
107.
Aeromonas caviae isolated from stools of diarrheic formula-fed infants and environmental sources produce acetic acid when grown in glucose broth, which is bactericidal (suicide phenomenon). A. caviae grows anaerobically in a minimal medium or under permissive conditions such as the intestinal tract of formula-fed infants. These isolates adhered to HEp-2 cells and produced a cytotoxic and a cytotonic enterotoxin which underscore their enteropathogenicity. 相似文献
108.
Low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins are strong candidates for regulators of membrane traffic. In yeast, mutations in the sec4 or ypt1 genes encoding small GTP-binding proteins inhibit constitutive membrane flow at the plasma membrane or Golgi complex, respectively. It has been suggested that membrane fusion-fission events are regulated by cycling of small GTP-binding proteins between a membrane-bound and free state, but although most of these small proteins are found in both soluble and tightly membrane-bound forms, there is no direct evidence to support such cycling. In rat brain a small GTP-binding protein, rab3A, is exclusively associated with synaptic vesicles, the secretory organelles of nerve terminals. Here we use isolated nerve terminals to study the fate of rab3A during synaptic vesicle exocytosis. We find that rab3A dissociates quantitatively from the vesicle membrane after Ca2(+)-dependent exocytosis and that this dissociation is partially reversible during recovery after stimulation. These results are direct evidence for an association-dissociation cycle of a small GTP-binding protein during traffic of its host membrane. 相似文献
109.
Support vector machine (SVM), as a novel approach in pattern recognition, has demonstrated a success in face detection and face recognition. In this paper, a face recognition approach based on the SVM classifier with the nearest neighbor classifier (NNC) is proposed. The principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension and extract features. Then one-against-all stratedy is used to train the SVM classifiers. At the testing stage, we propose an al- 相似文献
110.
This article presents a case example involving the renaming of an organizational change process from BPR to outsourcing. The paper discusses the important ramifications of such a name change in that the recognition of outsourcing allowed an organizational commitment to counseling and termination advice. The paper discusses two ways of looking at the name change, one from a critical theory perspective and one from a realist perspective. It demonstrates how theory can provide useful yet markedly different interpretations of such organizational events. Critical theory operates from within what can be termed the transitive epistemological dimension, whereas critical realism tends to emphasize the importance of ontological issues. Each has important things to say about the situation and improves our understanding overall. 相似文献