用像纸显影法观察超声换能器水中声场

1 实验原理大功率声波在液体中传播会伴有热效应、声空化效应产生.在声强度大的地方,热效应、空化效应相对较强.超声这种效应,在进行化学反应的试剂中会起到加速反应的作用.如果在像纸显影液中加入超声,这种机理也会在像纸显影过程中发生.对均匀曝光的洗像纸,把其浸入有超声存在的显影液中显影,则像纸上化学颗粒与显影液的化学反应快慢会随着声场分布不同而不同:在声强大的地方,反应强烈,像纸很快显影变黑;在声强小的地方,反应较慢,像纸相对较亮.利用这个原理,可以纪录显影液中声场的相对空间分布.当显影液非常     

紧凑型复合左右手传输线电磁特性

提出了基于正六边形互补开口单环谐振器对的紧凑型复合左右手传输结构和其等效电路模型。通过对结构参数的仿真分析,明确了该型传输线的作用机理,实现了对谐振频点和带宽的操控;设计的传输线在4GHz处实现了左右手的无缝连接,其-10dB阻抗带宽达到了1.85GHz(3.61~5.46GHz),相对带宽达到了40.8%;采用转移参数矩阵与Bloch-Floquet理论对电路模型进行了深入分析,电磁仿真模型、等效电路模型和测试结果的高度一致性证明了等效电路模型的合理性与有效性;并提取了等效电磁参数模型,验证了该结构的负折射率与后向波传输特性。     

模拟退火粒子群算法的同心圆阵稀疏优化设计

提出一种基于模拟退火粒子群算法(SAPSO)的同心圆阵稀疏优化方法,该方法以同心圆阵阵元位置为优化参量,以第一零点波束宽度和峰值旁瓣电平为优化目标,结合了模拟退火算法和粒子群算法的优点,提高了算法的收敛速度,具有摆脱局部最优的能力。仿真结果表明,相比于目前常用的4种优化算法,相同迭代次数下,该方法收敛迭代次数最小,且在约束同心圆阵第一零点波束宽度的同时得到的稀疏同心圆阵具有最低的峰值旁瓣电平。     

A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms

We describe a genetic variation map for the chicken genome containing 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This map is based on a comparison of the sequences of three domestic chicken breeds (a broiler, a layer and a Chinese silkie) with that of their wild ancestor, red jungle fowl. Subsequent experiments indicate that at least 90% of the variant sites are true SNPs, and at least 70% are common SNPs that segregate in many domestic breeds. Mean nucleotide diversity is about five SNPs per kilobase for almost every possible comparison between red jungle fowl and domestic lines, between two different domestic lines, and within domestic lines--in contrast to the notion that domestic animals are highly inbred relative to their wild ancestors. In fact, most of the SNPs originated before domestication, and there is little evidence of selective sweeps for adaptive alleles on length scales greater than 100 kilobases.     

Enhancing rice resistance to fungal pathogens by transformation with cell wall degrading enzyme genes from Trichoderma atroviride

Three genes encoding for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), ech42, nag70 and gluc78 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride were inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1305.2 singly and in all possible combinations and transformed to rice plants. More than 1800 independently regenerated plantlets in seven different populations (for each of the three genes and each of the four gene combinations) were obtained. The ech42 gene encoding for an endochitinase increased resistance to sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, while the exochitinase-encoding gene, nag70, had lesser effect. The expression level of endochitinase but exochitinase was correlated with disease resistance. Nevertheless, exochitinase enhanced the effect of endochitinase on disease resistance when the two genes co-expressed in transgenics. Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea was found in all kinds of regenerated plants including that with single gluc78. A few lines expressing either ech42 or nag70 gene were immune to the disease. Transgenic plants are being tested to further evaluate disease resistance at field level. This is the first report of multiple of expression of genes encoding CWDEs from Trichoderma atroviride that result in resistance to blast and sheath blight in rice.     

Immunotherapy of intracranial G422 glioblastoma with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extract or RNA

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA in a mouse model of intracranial G422 glioblastoma. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed ex vivo with tumor extracts or RNA. Ninety female mice harboring 4-day-old intracranial G422 glioblastomas and 126 normal mice were treated with three spaced one week apart subcutaneous injections either with PBS, unpulsed DCs, G422 tumor extracts, RNA, DCs pulsed with G422 tumor extracts (DC/extract) or with RNA (DC/RNA). Seven days after the third immunization of normal mice, the spleens of 36 of them were harvested for cytotoxic T lyphocyte (CTL) assays and the others were challenged in the brain with G422 tumor cells. All the treated mice were followed for survival. Some mice brains were removed and examined pathologically when they died. RESULTS: Immunization using DC/extract or DC/RNA significantly induced G422-specific CTL responses compared with control groups (P<0.01). Vaccination with DC/extract or DC/RNA, either prior to G422 tumor challenge or in tumor-harboring mice, significantly prolonged survival compared with other control groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: DCs pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA derived from autologous tumors has potential antitumor effects via activation of cell-mediated immunity. Our results suggest a useful therapeutic strategy against gliomas.     

Tuning the lowest excited- states of platinum (Ⅱ) terpyridyl acetylide complex bearing azacrown moiety: Stimulated by transition metal ions

The development of molecular sensor with high stability and sensitivity has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Of particular interest lies in the molecules which show dramatic color changes in the visible or infrared regions upon exposure to specific substrates. In general, host molecule can selectively recognize the specific guest molecules at their receptor site and produce a measurable change. A number of organic molecular sen     

重组细胞因子类药物研究的新进展

细胞因子(cytokine)是由免疫细胞及相关细胞产生的一类调节细胞功能的高活性、多功能的多肽分子,不包括免疫球蛋白、补体和一般生理性的细胞产物.细胞因子通常由淋巴细胞、单核巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞等相关细胞产生,按其功能及与免疫学的关系可分为:(1)具有抗病毒活性的细胞因子,如干扰素(interferon,IFN);(2)具有免疫调节活性的细胞因子,包括白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)类的IL 2、IL 4、IL 5、IL7、IL 9、IL 10和IL 12,以及β型转化生长因子(transforming growth factor β,TGF β);(3)具有炎症介导活性的细胞因子,包括以肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)及IL 1、IL 6和IL 8为代表的结构相似的小分子趋化因子;(4)具有造血生长活性的细胞因子,包括IL 3、IL11、集落刺激因子(colony-stimulating factor,CSF)、促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)、干细胞因子(stem cell factor,SCF)和白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)等.     

建国以来我国公民科学素质建设的经验和教训

随着新世纪的到来,我国的公民科学素质建设进入了关键时期,只有对以往建设过程中的经验和教训进行回顾和整理,有充分而清醒的认识,才能有针对性地开展下一步工作.本文总结了建国以来我国公民科学素质建设在六个方面的经验和教训,以期对实践有所裨益.     

乾隆皇帝的陶瓷诗

乾隆皇帝弘历是一位博雅好古，兴趣广泛，有着多方面才艺的天子，写有不少陶瓷题材的诗歌。其抒发情性之作，表现了一代帝王的情趣爱好和独特的审芙感受；其抒发感慨之作，表现出作者的思想性格，富含人生的哲理。