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81.
Synthetic lac operator DNA is functional in vivo. 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
H L Heyneker J Shine H M Goodman H W Boyer J Rosenberg R E Dickerson S A Narang K Itakura S Lin A D Riggs 《Nature》1976,263(5580):748-752
82.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of rough silicon nanowires 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hochbaum AI Chen R Delgado RD Liang W Garnett EC Najarian M Majumdar A Yang P 《Nature》2008,451(7175):163-167
Approximately 90 per cent of the world's power is generated by heat engines that use fossil fuel combustion as a heat source and typically operate at 30-40 per cent efficiency, such that roughly 15 terawatts of heat is lost to the environment. Thermoelectric modules could potentially convert part of this low-grade waste heat to electricity. Their efficiency depends on the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of their material components, which is a function of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and absolute temperature. Over the past five decades it has been challenging to increase ZT > 1, since the parameters of ZT are generally interdependent. While nanostructured thermoelectric materials can increase ZT > 1 (refs 2-4), the materials (Bi, Te, Pb, Sb, and Ag) and processes used are not often easy to scale to practically useful dimensions. Here we report the electrochemical synthesis of large-area, wafer-scale arrays of rough Si nanowires that are 20-300 nm in diameter. These nanowires have Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity values that are the same as doped bulk Si, but those with diameters of about 50 nm exhibit 100-fold reduction in thermal conductivity, yielding ZT = 0.6 at room temperature. For such nanowires, the lattice contribution to thermal conductivity approaches the amorphous limit for Si, which cannot be explained by current theories. Although bulk Si is a poor thermoelectric material, by greatly reducing thermal conductivity without much affecting the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity, Si nanowire arrays show promise as high-performance, scalable thermoelectric materials. 相似文献
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Vonk FJ Admiraal JF Jackson K Reshef R de Bakker MA Vanderschoot K van den Berge I van Atten M Burgerhout E Beck A Mirtschin PJ Kochva E Witte F Fry BG Woods AE Richardson MK 《Nature》2008,454(7204):630-633
Many advanced snakes use fangs-specialized teeth associated with a venom gland-to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw. A fundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we examine this issue by visualizing the tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos, covering eight species. We use the sonic hedgehog gene as a marker, and three-dimensionally reconstruct the development in 41 of the embryos. We show that front fangs develop from the posterior end of the upper jaw, and are strikingly similar in morphogenesis to rear fangs. This is consistent with their being homologous. In front-fanged snakes, the anterior part of the upper jaw lacks sonic hedgehog expression, and ontogenetic allometry displaces the fang from its posterior developmental origin to its adult front position-consistent with an ancestral posterior position of the front fang. In rear-fanged snakes, the fangs develop from an independent posterior dental lamina and retain their posterior position. In light of our findings, we put forward a new model for the evolution of snake fangs: a posterior subregion of the tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, which allowed the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today. 相似文献
86.
Nijnik A Woodbine L Marchetti C Dawson S Lambe T Liu C Rodrigues NP Crockford TL Cabuy E Vindigni A Enver T Bell JI Slijepcevic P Goodnow CC Jeggo PA Cornall RJ 《Nature》2007,447(7145):686-690
Accumulation of DNA damage leading to adult stem cell exhaustion has been proposed to be a principal mechanism of ageing. Here we address this question by taking advantage of the highly specific role of DNA ligase IV in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining, and by the discovery of a unique mouse strain with a hypomorphic Lig4(Y288C) mutation. The Lig4(Y288C) mouse, identified by means of a mutagenesis screening programme, is a mouse model for human LIG4 syndrome, showing immunodeficiency and growth retardation. Diminished DNA double-strand break repair in the Lig4(Y288C) strain causes a progressive loss of haematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow cellularity during ageing, and severely impairs stem cell function in tissue culture and transplantation. The sensitivity of haematopoietic stem cells to non-homologous end-joining deficiency is therefore a key determinant of their ability to maintain themselves against physiological stress over time and to withstand culture and transplantation. 相似文献
87.
EJ Sorensen 《Nature》2012,489(7415):214-215
88.
A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T Jonsson JK Atwal S Steinberg J Snaedal PV Jonsson S Bjornsson H Stefansson P Sulem D Gudbjartsson J Maloney K Hoyte A Gustafson Y Liu Y Lu T Bhangale RR Graham J Huttenlocher G Bjornsdottir OA Andreassen EG Jönsson A Palotie TW Behrens OT Magnusson A Kong U Thorsteinsdottir RJ Watts K Stefansson 《Nature》2012,488(7409):96-99
The prevalence of dementia in the Western world in people over the age of 60 has been estimated to be greater than 5%, about two-thirds of which are due to Alzheimer's disease. The age-specific prevalence of Alzheimer's disease nearly doubles every 5 years after age 65, leading to a prevalence of greater than 25% in those over the age of 90 (ref. 3). Here, to search for low-frequency variants in the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) gene with a significant effect on the risk of Alzheimer's disease, we studied coding variants in APP in a set of whole-genome sequence data from 1,795 Icelanders. We found a coding mutation (A673T) in the APP gene that protects against Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in the elderly without Alzheimer's disease. This substitution is adjacent to the aspartyl protease β-site in APP, and results in an approximately 40% reduction in the formation of amyloidogenic peptides in vitro. The strong protective effect of the A673T substitution against Alzheimer's disease provides proof of principle for the hypothesis that reducing the β-cleavage of APP may protect against the disease. Furthermore, as the A673T allele also protects against cognitive decline in the elderly without Alzheimer's disease, the two may be mediated through the same or similar mechanisms. 相似文献
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实际控制问题中往往有多个控制目标需要兼顾,且多个目标通常情况下是冲突的。根据相邻控制步之间系统状态和控制输入的连续性,提出了一个基于NSGA-II的动态迭代多目标相容优化控制算法,并且这一算法有能力处理目标空间为非凸的控制问题和提高在线优化速度。考虑到IPMC驱动机器鱼在运行过程中能耗和速度两个关键且冲突的目标,建立IMPC驱动机器鱼的运动及能耗模型,将所提算法进行了应用。仿真结果表明了控制算法的有效性及其在慢复杂系统动态控制中的应用潜力。 相似文献