铈基催化材料中贵金属-载体相互作用研究进展

 铈基催化材料中,贵金属-载体相互作用的发生机理及其对催化活性的影响,是目前贵金属铈基催化材料研究的热点。简要介绍了贵金属-铈基载体相互作用产生的机理、对催化反应的影响及对该相互作用调控的研究进展,提出了贵金属-铈基载体相互作用预期的研究方向。     

引领未来的科学计划

 制定、发布科学计划,对重要科学领域、重大前瞻问题的超前研判、提前部署、重点支持、集中研发具有重要的促进作用.本文遴选、报道国际组织、科技大国2013 年发布、启动的28 项重大科学计划.这28 项科学计划涉及航空航天、生命科学、地球环境、能源材料、综合研发5 个重要科技领域,分别是:①航空航天:"2013-2020 年俄罗斯航天行动"国家计划,中国"2013 年航天计划",英国"国家航天技术计划",日本新版"宇宙基本计划",美国"战略太空技术投资计划",印度"火星探测计划",韩国"2040 宇宙远景"计划,美国"小行星捕获计划","2013-2015 年俄罗斯航空工业发展计划",美国"XS-1 空天飞机计划";②生命科学:欧盟"人脑工程计划",美国"推进创新神经技术脑研究计划",世界卫生组织"2013-2020 年预防控制非传染性疾病行动计划";③地球环境:中国"天气研究计划(2013-2020 年)",中国"气候研究计划(2013-2020 年)",美国"北极研究5 年计划",中国"应用气象研究计划(2013-2020 年)",中国"综合气象观测研究计划(2013-2020 年)",日本"海洋基本计划(2013-2017)",中国"大气污染防治行动计划","国际海洋发现计划(2013-2023)";④能源材料:欧盟"石墨烯计划",美国"清洁能源制造计划";⑤综合研发:中国"循环经济发展战略及近期行动计划",韩国"第三次科学技术基本计划",法国"未来10 年投资计划(PIA)",中国"信息化和工业化深度融合专项行动计划(2013-2018)",欧盟"地平线2020".     

随钻电阻率测井的固定探测深度合成方法

针对随钻电磁波电阻率测井仪原始曲线探测深度不确定的问题,开展了将原始测井结果合成为具有固定探测 深度曲线的研究。研究中首先采用了一种简单快速的迭代反演算法进行曲线的围岩校正处理,之后利用高斯牛顿梯 度下降反演算法对每层地层进行三参数反演,获得地层的侵入带电阻率、侵入半径和地层真电阻率,再根据提出的伪 源距概念,利用获得的三参数绘制探测深度与源距、源距与视电阻率的关系图版,最终通过插值获得具有固定探测深 度的测量曲线。通过一系列数值模拟发现,合成后的不同探测深度曲线在有侵地层中出现有规律的分离现象,该现象 与地质特征吻合很好,相比原始曲线能更直接地反映地层侵入特性,说明本方法能够提升该类仪器的应用效果,可以 与阵列感应曲线进行对比,方便地质解释人员做出更准确的地层评价。     

页岩储层纳米孔隙流动模拟研究

页岩气作为一种重要的非常规天然气资源已受到普遍关注,但页岩储层主要发育纳米孔隙,而针对页岩气在
纳米孔喉中运移的研究还相对滞后,这严重制约了页岩气藏的高效开发。针对纳米尺度孔隙,考虑页岩气的吸附解
吸及吸附相表面扩散,自由气的黏性流、滑脱效应及Knudsen 扩散等运移机制,建立了页岩气单相流动数学模型,并开
展了流动模拟研究。模拟结果表明：对于以纳米孔隙为主的页岩基质,甲烷在孔隙壁面的附着及表面扩散、气体滑脱
及Knudsen 扩散等均将影响气体流动,造成表观渗透率显著高于Darcy 渗透率,且孔喉越细小,压力越低,表观渗透率
与Darcy 渗透率相差越大。通过分析各运移机制对页岩气流动的影响,有助于深入了解页岩气运移产出过程,从而指
导页岩气藏的有效、高效开发。     

山地城市道路长上坡路段交通噪声分布特性实测研究

为了得到山地城市道路长上坡路段汽车行驶噪声的幅值水平和影响因素,在重庆市主城的长大上坡路段上采集了汽车行驶噪声值,分析了车型、横向间距(距路缘线之间的距离)、坡长、驾驶行为等因素对噪声的影响。结果表明:夜间的交通噪声水平与日间相比并没有出现大幅度的衰减;汽车行驶噪声随着传播距离的增加而逐渐衰减,每增加5 m,噪声均值要衰减约3 d B左右,距离路侧5 m时,噪声值会降到重度污染的阈值以下;距路侧10 m时则会进一步降到中度污染水平以下;小轿车噪声均值要比公交车低10 d B;驾驶员有冲坡习惯时坡底第二个测试断面的噪声值会显著增加,驾驶员在到达坡顶之前也会再次加速冲坡,导致坡顶的噪声值显著增加;在大型车数量相当的情况下,路段的坡度值越高,噪声值越大。     

液体性质对气泡雾化液滴不稳定性的影响

为了改善气泡喷嘴雾化性能,利用基于液滴统计学的理想雾化理论模型研究了液体性质对气泡雾化液滴不稳定性的影响.同时,采用高速摄影技术分析了气泡喷嘴内部气液两相流动及喷口雾化状况,探究了雾化液滴产生不稳定现象的根本原因.实验结果表明,气泡喷嘴雾化本身具有不稳定性,且雾化下游场中不同粒径的液滴均表现出不稳定性.当喷嘴内部气液两相处于气泡流时,喷口处单个气泡的破裂可导致雾化下游场中液滴不稳定;当气液两相处于过渡流时,单个气泡、液体以及较长气柱交替流经喷口会造成气泡雾化液滴不稳定;当气液两相处于环状流时,液桥现象的存在致使雾化下游场液滴不稳定.增加牛顿流体的黏度或者降低非牛顿流体剪切变稀的强度能够有效降低雾化液滴的不稳定性.     

Reconstructing mean maximum temperatures of May-August from tree-ring maximum density in North Da Hinggan Mountains, China

Tree-ring samples from Dahurian Larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) were collected at three sites in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains. Using samples measured by X-ray densitometry, measurements of tree-ring maximum latewood density chronologies of two sites were found to be significantly correlated with summer temperature. These two sites’ tree-ring series were combined to form a single standard regional chronology. This was used to reconstruct the May-August monthly mean maximum temperature for the period 1855-2008 AD, and it explained 39.5% of the total temperature variance. In the past 154 years, there were 4 cold periods (1874-1893, 1927-1948, 1951-1960 and 1992-2002) and 4 warm periods (1855-1873, 1894-1916, 1961-1991 and 2003-2008). The summer temperature rose more obviously than that of winter in this region. Having been validated by other temperature reconstructions from the surrounding area, the reconstruction could indicate the summer temperature changes of large-scale regions.     

Numerical simulation of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia from 2005 to 2070

Due to climate changes, most of the alpine glaciers have retreated dramatically during the past decades. Thus it is significant to predict the alpine glacier variability in the future for a better understanding of the impact of climate changes on water resource. In this paper, we perform the numerical simulation on Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia (hereafter Glacier No.1 for short) by considering both the mass balance and ice flow. Given the shape of the Glacier No.1, the velocity of the glacier is obtained by solving a two-dimensional nonlinear Stokes equation and simulated result is in agreement with the observation. In order to predict the variability of Glacier No.1 in the next decades, a climatic scenario is constructed with a temperature rise rate as 0.17°C/10 a and precipitation as constant during the period of 2005-2070. The simulation shows that, the glacier terminus will retreat slowly and the glacier will thin dramatically before 2040, while after year 2040, the glacier terminus retreat will accelerate. This study confirms the increasing retreat rate of alpine glaciers under global warming.     

Trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: Comparison of observations and reanalysis data

The trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (CE-TP) is quantitatively estimated using historical observations at 71 meteorological stations, three reanalysis datasets from 1980-2008, and two satellite radiation datasets from 1984-2007. Results show that a weakening of sensible heat (SH) flux over the CE-TP continues. The most significant trend occurs in spring, induced mainly by decelerated surface wind speeds. The ground-air temperature difference shows a notable increasing trend over the last 5 years. Trends in net radiation flux of the atmospheric column over the CE-TP, evaluated by two satellite radiation datasets, are clearly different. Trends in the atmospheric heat source calculated by the three reanalysis datasets are not completely consistent, and even show opposite signals. Results from the two datasets both show a weakening of the heat source but the magnitude of one is significantly stronger, whereas an increase is indicated by the other data. Therefore, it is challenging to accurately calculate the trend in the atmospheric heat source over the CE-TP, particularly from the estimates of the reanalysis datasets.     

Thermal behavior of zirconia-dop ed mullite gel fibers

The zirconia-doped mullite gel fibers were prepared via a sol-gel method.The thermal behaviors of the gel fibers during pyrolysis were investigated by means of thermal gravitydifferential scanning calo...