Multi-dimensional scattering properties diagnosis system of scale aircraft model in an anechoic chamber

Aiming at the concept of ＂diagnosis＂, a simple and effective broadband radar cross section （RCS） measurement system is constructed, and some multi-dimensional scattering properties diagnosis techniques are presented based on the system. Firstly, a stepped-frequency signal is employed to achieve high range resolution, combining with a variety of signal processing tech- niques. Secondly, cross-range resolution is gained with a rotating table, and the high-resolution two-dimensional （2-D） imaging of the scale model is obtained by the microwave imaging theory. Finally, two receiving antennas with a small distance in altitude are used, and the three-dimensional （3-D） height distribution of scattering points on the scale model is extracted from the phase of images. Some typical bodies and a scale aircraft model are diagnosed in an anechoic chamber. The experimental results show that, after scaling with a metal sphere, the accurate one- dimensional （l-D） RCS pattern of the model is obtained, and it has a large dynamic range. When the bandwidth of the transmitting signal is 4 GHz, the resolution of the 2-D image can reach to 0.037 5 m. The 3-D height distribution of scattering points is given by interferometric measurement. This paper provides a feasible way to obtain high-precision scattering properties parameters of the scale aircraft model in a conventional rectangular anechoic chamber.     

Consistency analysis of accelerated degradation mechanism based on gray theory

A fundamental premise of an accelerated testing is that the failure mechanism under elevated and normal stress levels should remain the same. Thus, verification of the consistency of failure mechanisms is essential during an accelerated testing. A new consistency analysis method based on the gray theory is pro- posed for complex products. First of all, existing consistency ana- lysis methods are reviewed with a focus on the comparison of the differences among them. Then, the proposed consistency ana- lysis method is introduced. Two effective gray prediction models, gray dynamic model and new information and equal dimensional （NIED） model, are adapted in the proposed method. The process to determine the dimension of NIED model is also discussed, and a decision rule is expanded. Based on that, the procedure of ap- plying the new consistent analysis method is developed. Finally, a case study of the consistency analysis of a reliability enhancement testing is conducted to demonstrate and validate the proposed method.     

Evidence for self-organized criticality in unscheduled downtime data of equipment

How to reduce downtime and improve availability of the complex equipment is very important. Although the unscheduled downtime（USDT） issues of the equipment are very complex, the self-organized criticality（SOC） is the right theory to study complex systems evolution and opens up a new window to the investigation of disasters, such as the sudden failure of the equipment. Firstly,SOC theory and its validation method are introduced. Then an SOC validation method for USDT of the equipment is proposed based on the above theory. Case study is done on bottleneck equipment in a factory and corresponding data pre-process work is done. The rescaled-range（R/S） analysis method is used to calculate the Hurst exponent of USDT time-series data in order to determine the long-range correlation of USDT data on time scale;at the same time the spatial power-law characteristic of USDT time series data is studied. The result shows that the characteristics of SOC are revealed in USDT data of the equipment according to the criterion of SOC. In addition, based on the characteristics of SOC,the overall framework of the prediction method for major sudden failure of the equipment is proposed based on SOC.     

泥石流拦挡坝总坝高设定及坝后淤积计算

泥石流沟道治理中拦挡坝总坝高的设定和坝后淤积率的计算涉及治理工程的安全和经济效益,是一个无法回避的难点。以武都区已治理的23条沟道(共布设112道拦挡坝)作为研究对象进行比较分析,采用直线相关的回归方程对经验公式进行优化。结果表明:泥石流沟道运行9～11 a后,武都区43%的泥石流治理沟道总库容淤积和单坝淤积不足50%,属于过度治理;优化后的拦挡坝总高度计算公式既考虑了泥石流沟道治理的安全,又考虑了治理效益的最大化,更符合设计要求;推导的坝后回淤比降计算公式与原沟床建立了线性关系,便于设计人员应用,其计算结果约为治理前沟床比降的0.49～0.61倍,在前人研究的区间内,具有科学性和实用性。以上研究为武都区泥石流拦挡坝设计、创新及管理提供了可靠依据。     

船艏泵喷射侧向推力水动力计算

给出了船艏泵喷射侧向推力的水动力计算，并对两种泵的出口段形状作了比较，从而得出较好的出口段，并选择合适的水泵，为改善船舶操纵性能提供一种可行的方法．     

内燃机配气机构传动链脱节概率

以某型发动机配气机构传动链为研究对象,应用随机摄动和概率可靠性等分析方法,建立了配气机构脱节概率可靠性数学模型.当配气机构基本随机变量为正态分布时,提出了传动链脱节的可靠性分析方法.通过算例分析获得了凸轮在不同运动阶段的传动链脱节概率,以及在不同转速下的脱节失效概率,并且随着转速升高传动链发生脱节的概率也会升高,与实际情况相符合,进一步表明了所提方法的正确性.此外,通过分析脱节的原因,提出了为降低脱节概率而应采取的方法,为今后内燃机配气机构传动链的可靠性设计提供了理论依据.     

通过四倍体补偿实验证明iPS细胞具有发育全能性

本研究首次利用诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)通过四倍体囊胚注射得到存活并具有繁殖能力的小鼠。研究中,我们制备了37株iPS细胞系,其中3株iPS细胞系获得了共计27个活体小鼠,经多种分子生物学技术鉴定,证实该小鼠确实从iPS细胞发育而成。其中一些小鼠现已发育成熟并且繁殖了后代,这是世界上第一次获得完全由iPS细胞制备的活体小鼠,有力地证明了iPS细胞具有真正的全能性。这项工作为进一步研究iPS技术在干细胞、发育生物学和再生医学领域的应用提供了技术平台,将iPS细胞研究推到了新的高度,也为中国在这一国际热点研究领域取得领先地位做出了重要的贡献。     

The Self-Organization of Time and Causality: Steps Towards Understanding the Ultimate Origin

Possibly the most fundamental scientific problem is the origin of time and causality. The inherent difficulty is that all scientific theories of origins and evolution consider the existence of time and causality as given. We tackle this problem by starting from the concept of self-organization, which is seen as the spontaneous emergence of order out of primordial chaos. Self-organization can be explained by the selective retention of invariant or consistent variations, implying a breaking of the initial symmetry exhibited by randomness. In the case of time, we start from a random graph connecting primitive “events”. Selection on the basis of consistency eliminates cyclic parts of the graph, so that transitive closure can transform it into a partial order relation of precedence. Causality is assumed to be carried by causal “agents” which undergo a more traditional variation and selection, giving rise to causal laws that are partly contingent, partly necessary.     

And Yet It Moves: The Observability of the Rotation of the Earth

A central point of controversy in the time of the Copernican Revolution was the motion, or not, of the earth. We now take it for granted that Copernicus and Galileo were right; the earth really does move. But to what extent is this conclusion based on observation? This paper explores the meaning and observability of the rotation of the earth and shows that the phenomenon was not observable at the time of Galileo, and it is not observable now.     

Development (and Evolution) of the Universe

I distinguish Nature from the World. I also distinguish development from evolution. Development is progressive change and can be modeled as part of Nature, using a specification hierarchy. I have proposed a ‘canonical developmental trajectory’ of dissipative structures with the stages defined thermodynamically and informationally. I consider some thermodynamic aspects of the Big Bang, leading to a proposal for reviving final cause. This model imposes a ‘hylozooic’ kind of interpretation upon Nature, as all emergent features at higher levels would have been vaguely and episodically present primitively in the lower integrative levels, and were stabilized materially with the developmental emergence of new levels. The specification hierarchy’s form is that of a tree, with its trunk in its lowest level, and so this hierarchy is appropriate for modeling an expanding system like the Universe. It is consistent with this model of differentiation during Big Bang development to view emerging branch tips as having been entrained by multiple finalities because of the top-down integration of the various levels of organization by the higher levels.