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261.
Dong C Beis K Nesper J Brunkan-Lamontagne AL Clarke BR Whitfield C Naismith JH 《Nature》2006,444(7116):226-229
Many types of bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs). Some are secreted polymers and show only limited association with the cell surface, whereas others are firmly attached to the cell surface and form a discrete structural layer, the capsule, which envelopes the cell and allows the bacteria to evade or counteract the host immune system. EPSs have critical roles in bacterial colonization of surfaces, such as epithelia and medical implants; in addition some EPSs have important industrial and biomedical applications in their own right. Here we describe the 2.26 A resolution structure of the 340 kDa octamer of Wza, an integral outer membrane lipoprotein, which is essential for group 1 capsule export in Escherichia coli. The transmembrane region is a novel alpha-helical barrel. The bulk of the Wza structure is located in the periplasm and comprises three novel domains forming a large central cavity. Wza is open to the extracellular environment but closed to the periplasm. We propose a route and mechanism for translocation of the capsular polysaccharide. This work may provide insight into the export of other large polar molecules such as DNA and proteins. 相似文献
262.
Ludovic Dume′ e Aaron Thornton Kallista Sears Ju¨ rg Schu¨ tz Niall Finn Steven Spoljari Robert Shanks Chris Skourtis Mikel Duke Stephen Gray 《自然科学进展(英文版)》2012,22(6):673-683
In-situ thermal expansion tests on a series of carbon nanotube bucky-paper composites
were performed with direct heating within a synchrotron SAXS source. The impact of the samples
density and morphology as well as the chemistry and degree of decoration of the carbon nanotubes
on the scattering patterns were investigated and correlated to the materials macro-properties. The
results demonstrate that simple densification techniques, such as acetone dipping or gold electroless
deposition, could reduce greatly the displacements of the carbon nanotubes within the structure
and lead to more thermally stable material. 相似文献
263.
This paper compares the out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of a wide class of structural, BVAR and VAR models for major sterling exchange rates over different forecast horizons. As representative structural models we employ a portfolio balance model and a modified uncovered interest parity model, with the latter producing the more accurate forecasts. Proper attention to the long-run properties and the short-run dynamics of structural models can improve on the forecasting performance of the random walk model. The structural model shows substantial improvement in medium-term forecasting accuracy, whereas the BVAR model is the more accurate in the short term. BVAR and VAR models in levels strongly out predict these models formulated in difference form at all forecast horizons. 相似文献
264.
野生断乳雄性小家鼠社会等级的形成无亲缘关系组早于亲缘关系组,判断未来优势和从属个体的行为学指标也因亲缘关系的影响而不同,在无亲缘关系组,未来优势鼠的嗅体和远处探究2种社会探究显著地高于未来从属鼠;在亲缘关系组,未来优势鼠直接和跳跃行为显著地多于未来从属鼠。 相似文献
265.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as demonstrated by the acetylene reduction method; yeasts, and actinomycetes were found in feces of mammals collected from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, to the North Carolina-Tennessee border. The mammals, representing four orders and 19 species, occupy a wide variety of habitats and may play an important role in dispersing microorganisms vital to the ecosystem. 相似文献
266.
Anne Stephens Chris Jacobson Christine King 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2010,23(5):371-386
This paper provides the findings of a study to locate the similarity and/or differences between two epistemologies: critical
systems thinking and cultural ecofeminism. Selected texts from authors in each field were coded and compared using the Constant
comparative analysis, grounded theory method. The analysis revealed a multitude of similarities across a range of concepts,
including systems thinking language; challenges to positivist science, reason and instrumentalism; ethics and morality and
praxis. The analysis also revealed several emergent principles for working towards a feminist systems theory of practice. 相似文献
267.
Mo isotopes along with Nd isotopes and other geochemical characteristics of the Phanerozoic clastic sediments from the northern margin of the Yangtze block were analyzed by MC-ICP-MS and some other techniques, spanning the period from Cambrian to Jurassic. The δ 98Mo values and εNd(t ) in these sedimets were observed to exhibit a large range of variation (?0.65‰―+1.87‰, ?1.46―?10.90, respec-tively). Specifically, the sample from Late Permian Maokou Formation has relatively positive values in both δ 98Mo and... 相似文献
268.
Feldser DM Kostova KK Winslow MM Taylor SE Cashman C Whittaker CA Sanchez-Rivera FJ Resnick R Bronson R Hemann MT Jacks T 《Nature》2010,468(7323):572-575
Tumorigenesis is a multistep process that results from the sequential accumulation of mutations in key oncogene and tumour suppressor pathways. Personalized cancer therapy that is based on targeting these underlying genetic abnormalities presupposes that sustained inactivation of tumour suppressors and activation of oncogenes is essential in advanced cancers. Mutations in the p53 tumour-suppressor pathway are common in human cancer and significant efforts towards pharmaceutical reactivation of defective p53 pathways are underway. Here we show that restoration of p53 in established murine lung tumours leads to significant but incomplete tumour cell loss specifically in malignant adenocarcinomas, but not in adenomas. We define amplification of MAPK signalling as a critical determinant of malignant progression and also a stimulator of Arf tumour-suppressor expression. The response to p53 restoration in this context is critically dependent on the expression of Arf. We propose that p53 not only limits malignant progression by suppressing the acquisition of alterations that lead to tumour progression, but also, in the context of p53 restoration, responds to increased oncogenic signalling to mediate tumour regression. Our observations also underscore that the p53 pathway is not engaged by low levels of oncogene activity that are sufficient for early stages of lung tumour development. These data suggest that restoration of pathways important in tumour progression, as opposed to initiation, may lead to incomplete tumour regression due to the stage-heterogeneity of tumour cell populations. 相似文献
269.
Stephens P Edkins S Davies H Greenman C Cox C Hunter C Bignell G Teague J Smith R Stevens C O'Meara S Parker A Tarpey P Avis T Barthorpe A Brackenbury L Buck G Butler A Clements J Cole J Dicks E Edwards K Forbes S Gorton M Gray K Halliday K Harrison R Hills K Hinton J Jones D Kosmidou V Laman R Lugg R Menzies A Perry J Petty R Raine K Shepherd R Small A Solomon H Stephens Y Tofts C Varian J Webb A West S Widaa S Yates A Brasseur F Cooper CS Flanagan AM Green A Knowles M Leung SY Looijenga LH 《Nature genetics》2005,37(6):590-592
We examined the coding sequence of 518 protein kinases, approximately 1.3 Mb of DNA per sample, in 25 breast cancers. In many tumors, we detected no somatic mutations. But a few had numerous somatic mutations with distinctive patterns indicative of either a mutator phenotype or a past exposure. 相似文献
270.