A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

旅游流规模结构的Zipf特征与差异度对比研究——以四川省为例

以1996年至2004年入境旅游统计数据为样本,借用齐夫(Zipf)参数和差异度、均衡度指标,对四川省入境旅游流规模结构的齐夫(Zipf)特征和差异度进行了对比研究.结果发现齐夫(Zipf)参数可对旅游流规模结构进行分段处理,并以此分析各标度区内旅游流规模结构的空间分布形态;对不满足Zipf法则的无效标度区内部结构只能借助差异度和均衡度指标予以完成,但由于该指标既不能很好说明旅游流规模结构的标度分段特征,又无法反映旅游流结构的空间分布形态,故只能在分析旅游流规模结构时对齐夫(Zipf)参数起补充作用;用Zipf参数和差异度、均衡度指标定量研究旅游流规模结构所得到的结果与客观实际相符合,从而证明了Zipf定律、差异度、均衡度指标均可作为旅游流规模结构分析的有效手段或工具,这对丰富旅游流的分析方法具有重要意义.     

Struts框架的应用研究

提高网络环境中服务器上应用软件的质量和研发速度是软件产业界备受关注的问题.文中介绍了程序框架和 Struts 的概念,详细描述了 Struts 的工作原理,讨论了 Struts 核心组件的构成及其配置应用的具体方法.同时,对采用 Struts 进行应用系统开发的方法及流程进行了阐述,并以作者参与的电力营销系统的设计为例说明了 Struts 框架在程序开发中的具体应用.     

绕水翼空化流场旋涡特性分析

为了深入了解绕水翼空化流动机理,利用数字式粒子图像测速(DPIV)系统,并辅以高速摄像机,对绕水翼流动进行了观测. 观测结果表明: 空化的发展对整个流场的涡量变化起决定作用. 无论在空化还是无空化流场中,涡量主要集中在自水翼前后缘开始的剪切层所在区域,并形成涡带,且上下涡旋向相反;随着空化数的降低,空化区域的流场混合得更为均匀,从而使涡量的峰值逐渐减小;上下涡带逐渐靠拢,并向后延伸、拉直,同时下涡带的起始位置向后推移.     

聚合物共混法制备超级电容器用多孔炭材料

以酚醛树脂为前驱体,以聚乙二醇为致孔剂,采用聚合物共混法制备超级电容器用中孔炭电极材料. 采用N2吸附法测试了炭材料的比表面积和孔结构参数. 采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等评价了其在1mol·L-1Et4NBF4/PC有机电解液中的电化学双电层电容性能. 结果表明,酚醛树脂和聚乙二醇等比例共混炭化制备的多孔炭的比表面积为618m2·g-1,中孔率为59.7%,比电容为32F·g-1,大电流性能和循环性能良好.     

带钢热连轧卷取机张力控制系统设计与实现

基于某钢厂热连轧机组实际控制系统,对卷取机张力进行计算,提出张力的控制思想并在生产中实现.实践表明,卷取张力控制系统设计正确,控制效果良好.该系统运行可靠,满足设计要求,卷形达到国际先进水平.     

电镀金刚石刀具钻削碳纤维复合材料磨粒磨损特征研究

采用电镀金刚石钻磨组合刀具钻削碳纤维复合材料能够有效地减小或消除毛刺和分层等加工缺陷,刀具的使用寿命主要取决于电镀金刚石磨粒的使用寿命．为此,对研制的刀具表面电镀金刚石磨粒的加工磨损形态进行了系统的统计观测．研究结果表明：采用电镀金刚石钻磨组合刀具钻削T300碳纤维复合材料过程中,电镀层的金刚石磨粒具有独特的初期不稳定磨损、混合磨损和正常磨损3个阶段,其磨损形态与钻削产生的轴向力具有显著的线性关系．随着钻孔数目的增加,钻磨孔的轴向力逐渐增大,但是加工出的孔径在刀具经过初期磨损后仍然能够较长时间地稳定在0．024mm误差范围内．     

地震时作用于深水桥墩上的动水力及对桥墩动力响应的影响

基于势流体理论,针对一典型实体矩形截面桥墩,分析了不同水深时,动水对桥墩自振特性的影响.研究了不同水深和地震波类型等条件下,作用于桥墩上动水压力的分布规律及其合力作用点位置,并分析了动水对矩形截面桥墩在地震作用下动力响应的影响.结果表明,由于动水和结构相互作用的影响,矩形截面桥墩的自振周期、墩底弯矩及剪力的峰值会随着水深的增加而不断增大.动水使墩底弯矩和剪力分别最多增大了31%和50%,因此动水对桥墩动力反应的影响不可忽略.并且,不同类型地震波对作用于桥墩上的动水压力分布的影响也不相同.根据日本规范计算作用于矩形截面桥墩上的动水力的结果与本文的结果更为接近.     

晶粒尺寸对车轮钢解理断裂韧性的影响

通过紧凑拉伸试验研究了碳的质量分数约为0.5%的C50车轮钢解理断裂韧性KIC(即条件断裂韧性KQ)与晶粒尺寸的关系.结果表明,晶粒尺寸对试样的断裂韧性有明显的影响,但决定车轮钢解理断裂韧性的是组织中最大的晶粒尺寸,而不是平均晶粒尺寸,最大晶粒尺寸越大,断裂韧性越低.对于C50车轮钢,当前5%的最大晶粒平均尺寸为30~73μm时,车轮钢的条件断裂韧性KQ与晶粒平均尺寸的对数呈线性关系.