自抗扰精密跟踪运动控制器的设计

为了提高非圆车削中快速伺服刀架的跟踪精度和抗干扰性,研制了一种自抗扰控制器。通过对执行机构建模分析,将模型中的非线性部分归结为系统的内扰,将加工过程中切削力干扰归结为系统外扰,设计出相应的扩张状态观测器,对系统内、外扰的总和做出实时估计和补偿。仿真实验表明,自抗扰控制性能优于传统的PID控制。通过DSP(digital signal processor)编程,将自抗扰控制器应用于非圆车削。切削加工试验结果表明,自抗扰控制具有良好的控制品质,快速伺服刀架跟踪精度控制在±5μm以内。     

氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑的制备与表征

用N-甲基咪唑和氯代正丁烷反应,合成了作为室温离子液体中间体的氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑,对其合成过程进行优化和改进.通过核磁共振谱对氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑进行化学结构的表征,使用差示扫描量热法对合成的中间体进行熔点和熔化热的测定,合成了纯度较高的氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑.     

Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma

Metastatic melanoma is a deadly cancer that fails to respond to conventional chemotherapy and is poorly understood at the molecular level. p53 mutations often occur in aggressive and chemoresistant cancers but are rarely observed in melanoma. Here we show that metastatic melanomas often lose Apaf-1, a cell-death effector that acts with cytochrome c and caspase-9 to mediate p53-dependent apoptosis. Loss of Apaf-1 expression is accompanied by allelic loss in metastatic melanomas, but can be recovered in melanoma cell lines by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza2dC). Apaf-1-negative melanomas are invariably chemoresistant and are unable to execute a typical apoptotic programme in response to p53 activation. Restoring physiological levels of Apaf-1 through gene transfer or 5aza2dC treatment markedly enhances chemosensitivity and rescues the apoptotic defects associated with Apaf-1 loss. We conclude that Apaf-1 is inactivated in metastatic melanomas, which leads to defects in the execution of apoptotic cell death. Apaf-1 loss may contribute to the low frequency of p53 mutations observed in this highly chemoresistant tumour type.     

牙鲆fibrinogen β基因的克隆及表达分析

 通过mRNA差异显示发现一个鳗弧菌刺激后在牙鲆肝脏中表达量显著增加的片段,结合RACE技术得到了该差异片段1 856 bp的全长cDNA,包含一个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质含有fibrinogen β的C末端签名序列。同源性分析表明其氨基酸序列与鱼类以及哺乳类的fibrinogen β都具有高度的相似性,因此可断定此基因为牙鲆的fibrinogen β基因(GenBank登录号为EF581895)。RT-PCR分析表明,在注射鳗弧菌后,该基因在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、腮、肠、心脏中的表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势。推测其可能在鳗弧菌侵染中,起到了促进伤口愈合的作用,或通过和其他细胞因子结合在防御细菌的侵染中发挥免疫调节作用。     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

再生核空间中一类积分方程的解

在再生核空间中给出一类积分方程精确解u(x)的表达式,通过截断精确解u(x)直接得到方程的近似解un(x),并且un(x)一致收敛于u(x);数值算例说明该方法是有效的.     

Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation

In at least 18 Lepidoptera families, caterpillars build shelters that mainly serve to regulate microclimate (humidity, temperature) and/or to avoid predation. We aimed to explore the function of the tubular structures built with the leaves of the host plant, Acacia cochliacantha Humboldt and Bonpland ex Willdenow (Fabaceae), by a lepidopteran endemic to Mexico, Baronia brevicornis Salvin. We experimentally evaluated whether tubular structure building behaviour is induced by high temperature or predator odour, and if shelters reduce or enhance predation of B. brevicornis caterpillars. We used Calosoma angulatum as predator. Our analyses showed that caterpillars did not make the tubular structures in response to high temperature. We also found no difference in predators’ visual recognition of sheltered versus unsheltered caterpillars. Caterpillars did not build shelters but they moved more often when exposed to predator odour. Unsheltered caterpillars were more frequently consumed when predators were allowed to interact with sheltered and unsheltered caterpillars. Hence, the tubular structures built by B. brevicornis are most likely a strategy for reducing predation, for example by C. angulatum.     

Nesting phenology and productivity of birds in the White and Inyo Mountains, California, as assessed with nest-boxes

Nest-boxes were monitored from 1988 to 1992 on 5 grids in the pinyon-juniper ( Pinus-Juniperus ) woodlands of the White and Inyo Mountains, California, to determine breeding phenology and productivity of cavity-nesting birds, and characteristics of used and non-used nest-boxes. We found a total of 112 nests of 6 species. Bewicks Wrens ( Thryomanes bewicki i; 64 nests), Mountain Chickadees ( Poecile gambeli ; 18), Ash-throated Flycatchers ( Myiarchus cinerascens ; 12), and Juniper Titmice ( Baeolophus ridgwayi ; 11) were the most common species utilizing the boxes. Nest phenology and numbers of young were similar to values reported elsewhere in the literature for the species, although nesting success for Mountain Chickadees appeared lower in our study. Chickadees were associated with relatively dense, mature vegetation on southern slopes. Juniper Titmice used areas with tall juniper shrubs and generally sparse vegetation. Bewicks Wrens used areas with short trees, sparse vegetation, and many stumps. Nest-boxes were underutilized (< 15% use) by most species relative to their availability and relative to detected abundances of the species. We suggest that nest-boxes can provide valuable breeding biology information and can potentially increase the productivity of rare and cavity-limited species.