EHD强化垂直管内凝结换热的实验研究

在分析电水动力学(EHD)强化凝结换热理论的基础上,提出了电场当量加速度的概念。以R123为工质,对圆柱形电极进行了EHD强化管内凝结换热试验研究。试验换热管为垂直套管式,外层为冷却水路,内层为工质回路,中心布置电极。电压范围为0～30kV,热流密度范围为1.8～12.0kW/m2。通过对实验数据分析,发现由电场当量加速度和液膜扰动系数组成的组合参数与电压之间存在良好的相关关系,得出了给定实验条件下的实验关联式,关联式计算值与实验值的相对误差在±12%以内。     

防腐镀(涂)层管束表面对流凝结换热特性

为了考察低温烟气余热回收过程中防腐镀(涂)层管束表面的耐蚀性能和维持珠状凝结的能力,分别对紫铜管和Ni-P镀层、Ni-P-Cu镀层和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)涂层管表面的腐蚀过程和含湿气体(水蒸气和空气混合,水蒸气质量分数为6%~16%)横掠这4种单排水平管束的对流凝结换热过程进行了实验研究及分析.结果表明:Ni-P镀层和Ni-P-Cu镀层管表面耐蚀性能明显优于紫铜管,PTFE涂层管表面具有最佳的耐蚀性能;Ni-P镀层、Ni-P-Cu镀层和PTFE涂层管束凝结换热系数比铜管管束分别提高5%~35%,14%~61%和10%~48%,具有明显促进珠状凝结的能力,Ni-P-Cu镀层管束具有最佳的凝结换热效果.在低温烟气余热回收的实际应用中,当烟气的腐蚀性较大时,优先选择PTFE涂层换热管束;当烟气的腐蚀性较小时,则首选换热效果最好的Ni-P-Cu镀层换热管束.对实验数据进行多元线性回归分析,得到了含湿气体横掠这4种单排水平管束的对流凝结复合换热实验关联式,关联式预测值与实验值的相对误差在±15%以内,因而关联式具有较高的准确性.     

板式换热器中蒸汽凝结换热特性

在板式换热器的蒸汽凝结换热试验台上进行了实验研究,获取蒸汽完全凝结和部分凝结两种典型工况下的换热和压降特性．且就板式换热器中蒸汽凝结过程的换热进行分析和处理,得到了一个在板片槽道中蒸汽凝结换热系数关联式．并推荐用于板式换热器的蒸汽凝结换热系数的计算．     

圆管外Marangoni凝结特性实验系统的研究

设计搭建了圆管外凝结换热实验系统,并在此基础上进行了以水-酒精混合蒸汽为工质的凝结换热实验。分析了影响圆管外凝结换热特性的因素,对实验值与理论值进行了对比分析后,得到了较理想的实验数据。     

微重力下管内凝结换热性能的研究

为了预测失重条件下航天飞行器中冷凝器的传热性能，提出了一种研究微重力场中管内凝结换热过程的方法，建立了管内环状流域层流凝结换热的数理模型。改变重力加速度ｇ值进行仿真计算，随着ｇ值的减小，凝结液膜变厚，使凝结换热恶化，例如在相同冷却条件下，当进口蒸气Ｒｅ数为１０４时，ｇ＝０和ｇ＝９．８ｍ／ｓ２环境下的平均冷凝Ｎｕ将降低３０％。并以重力场中垂直管内凝结换热的实验结果对模型进行了间接的检验。给出了预测零重力环境中管内平均凝结换热系数的准则关联式，可供航天器热控系统的热分     

矩形通道内蒸汽射流凝结换热面积的实验研究

针对超声速气液两相流升压装置内高速蒸汽射流凝结现象,在蒸汽质量流率为200~600kg·m-2·s-1、入口过冷水质量流率为4~18t·m-2·s-1、入口过冷水温度为20~50℃的条件下,使用矩形截面蒸汽喷嘴和混合腔进行了可视化实验研究;采用热平衡相变模型计算了蒸汽射流凝结的换热面积,给出了换热面积随汽水参数的变化规律,并建立了预测归一化换热面积的实验关联式。研究结果表明:蒸汽喷嘴截面形状对射流凝结流场结构影响不大,气液两相区是蒸汽凝结的主要区域,蒸汽在气液两相区内以小气泡的形式与过冷水完成能量交换,换热面积随蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度的增加而增加,随过冷水质量流率的增加而减小。实验中测得的换热面积在2.4×10-3~7.8×10-3 m2之间,换热面积实验关联式预测值与实验值的误差在±10%以内。本文研究结果对超声速气液两相流升压装置的优化设计和安全运行具有重要意义。     

R410A-油混合物在7 mm水平直光管内流动沸腾的换热特性Ⅱ.关联式

基于R410A-油混合物管内流动沸腾换热的实验数据,对现有的制冷剂-油混合物的换热关联式进行了评价,对比发现已有关联式的预测值与实验值的误差最大达到80%.基于混合物物性,开发了R410A-油混合物在7 mm直光管内流动沸腾的流型图,并基于流型图和混合物物性开发了R410A-油在7 mm直光管内流动沸腾的换热关联式.所得关联式与90%的实验数据的误差在±20%以内,平均误差为11.8%,最大误差为26.7%.     

细竖管内流动凝结的换热特性

为探讨小尺度条件下管内流动凝结换热的特性,针对１～５ｍｍ的细圆管,考虑凝结液膜的弯曲、气液界面剪切力与液膜表面张力的影响,建立起柱坐标系下竖直管内受迫流动凝结换热物理数学模型;利用数值求解的结果,对小尺度条件下管内凝结换热的规律进行预测性分析．研究表明,细管径条件下,气液界面切应力与液膜表面张力对流动凝结过程的影响增大,使重力的影响处于相对微弱的地位;与Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ换热关联式的预示值相比,小尺度圆管有明显的强化凝结换热的效果．上述结果有助于深化对小尺度下凝结换热规律的理解     

普通型板式热交换器中的水蒸汽凝结放热

通过试验研究确认了将普通型板式热交换器用于水—水蒸汽凝结放热具有显著节能效果。分析了在板式热交换器中,在水蒸汽的高速流动下水蒸汽凝结换热系数与蒸汽流速、蒸汽压力、冷凝温差之间关系,获得了求解凝结换热系数的关联式,也分析了顺、逆流对压降及水蒸汽凝结放热系数的影响。     

水平管内高沸点有机工质凝结换热的实验研究

对水平管内高沸点有机工质(异丙苯)的凝结换热过程进行了实验研究,获得了换热系数与摩擦压降沿凝结方向的变化情况.随着凝结过程的进行,压降逐渐增加,而换热系数则不断降低.实验过程中质量流速范围为104～375kg/(m2·s),出口干度范围为0.05～0.19,凝结饱和温度约为195℃.流型计算表明,凝结过程中气液两相流型以环状流为主.利用前人模型的计算结果表明,Haraguchi等人的模型计算值与凝结压降测量值的平均误差为-21.7%,Traviss等人的模型计算值与换热系数测量值的误差在-20%以内.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-