地震引起的货物列车脱轨全过程计算

为确保地震作用下货物列车在脱轨瞬间及时停车,建立地震作用下列车-轨道系统空间振动计算模型,并提出地震作用下列车脱轨全过程计算方法;以9~10级地震烈度下的强震为研究对象,分别计算货物列车以不同车速在直线和曲线线路上的脱轨全过程,分析轮轨几何接触状态及其相对位置.结果表明:地震烈度及车速对转向架与钢轨横向相对位移影响明显,而对转向架摇头角影响较小;曲线轨道对转向架与钢轨横向相对位移、转向架摇头角影响均较大;转向架与钢轨横向相对位移及转向架摇头角最大值分别为155 mm和4.6°.这些数据可为列车脱轨检测装置的研发提供参考.     

客运列车曲线超速引起的脱轨全过程计算

为研究客运列车因曲线超速引起的脱轨规律,基于列车-轨道系统空间振动计算模型,建立客运列车-曲线轨道系统空间振动计算模型。基于该模型,根据列车脱轨能量随机分析方法,提出客运列车曲线超速引起的脱轨全过程计算方法,计算不同曲线半径、外轨超高下列车超速引起的脱轨全过程,分析轮轨接触状态及其相对位置。研究结果表明:据脱轨系数和轮重减载率难以判定客运列车超速时是否脱轨;脱轨车辆位于编组前部,在脱轨前及时预警十分必要;随着曲线半径、外轨超高增大,列车脱轨速度随之增大,脱轨瞬间转向架与钢轨横向相对位移也随之增大;并考虑安全系数1.25,得到转向架与钢轨横向相对位移最大为60.2 mm,这可为研发客运列车曲线超速脱轨报警装置提供参考。     

洪涝灾害引起的货物列车脱轨全过程分析

基于列车-轨道系统空间振动分析理论,考虑洪涝灾害的影响,建立洪涝灾害条件下列车-轨道系统空间振动分析模型。根据弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理及形成系统矩阵的"对号入座"法则,建立此系统空间振动矩阵方程。运用列车脱轨能量随机分析理论,提出洪涝灾害条件下列车脱轨全过程计算方法,分别对该条件下直线和曲线路段列车脱轨全过程进行计算和分析。研究结果表明:洪涝灾害引起的货物列车在直线和曲线路段脱轨时转向架摇头角分别为0.20°和0.27°,转向架与钢轨之间的横向相对位移分别为52.8 mm和48.1 mm,相比直线路段,列车在曲线路段更易脱轨。这些研究结果可为研发机械式的列车脱轨报警器提供重要的理论依据和技术参数,进而确保该报警器能在列车脱轨时立即发出报警,使列车及时停车。     

地铁列车作用下不同无砟轨道结构振动响应

建立了单趾弹簧扣件、弹性支承块式、橡胶浮置板式3种无砟轨道的空间振动分析模型和地铁列车-无砟轨道系统空间振动分析方程.分别计算了3种无砟轨道在地铁列车荷载作用下的空间振动响应,并比较了系统响应随无砟轨道类型及车速的变化规律.结果表明,系统振动响应随车速的提高而增大;在车速相同的条件下,无砟轨道类型对钢轨竖向位移、轨道板竖向位移、轨道板竖向加速度、轮轨竖向力、脱轨系数及轮重减载率等响应影响较大,对其他振动响应的影响不甚明显;橡胶浮置板式轨道的竖向位移、横向位移与轨距扩大值最大;单趾弹簧扣件轨道轮轨作用力最大,橡胶浮置板轨道轮轨作用力最小;支承块和浮置板振动加速度明显小于钢轨振动加速度;在3种轨道行驶条件下,随着车速提高列车脱轨系数和轮重减载率均增大,竖向振动加速度最大值、横向振动加速度最大值、Sperling竖向舒适度指标和Sperling横向舒适度指标大致呈现先增大后减小趋势.当地铁列车在80km/h以下的运行速度通过这3种轨道结构时,列车的安全性和舒适性均能得到保证.     

有砟及无砟轨道结构对货物列车运行安全性的影响

基于列车-有砟及无砟轨道系统空间振动计算模型,采用列车脱轨能量随机分析方法,分别计算货物列车在有砟、无砟轨道上的脱轨全过程,得出2种车轨系统横向振动极限抗力作功及其动力响应,分析货物列车的运行安全性、2种车轨系统的空间振动特性。研究结果表明:与有砟轨道相比,无砟轨道的抗脱轨能力最大可提高45.9%,车速为90 km/h时无砟轨道上车体竖向Sperling平稳性指标、轮对横向力、轮轨竖向力分别减小73.5%,22.1%和27.3%;无砟轨道各部件横向位移、加速度均小于有砟轨道相应值,而钢轨竖向位移大于有砟轨道相应值,但由于无砟轨道竖向位移主要由扣件承担,导致钢轨传至道床板的竖向位移衰减75.3%;无砟轨道各部件竖向加速度均大于有砟轨道相应值,产生的振动、噪声对周围建筑影响更大。建议在重载铁路新线设计中优先采用无砟轨道,但应采取减振降噪措施。     

基于电磁增粘装置的列车曲线通过安全性研究

针对列车曲线通过安全性问题,设计了一种电磁增粘装置,通过增大轮轨间的垂向电磁吸力来增加轴重,从而改善列车曲线运行过程中的轮轨粘着关系,保障列车安全运行.在SIMPACK中建立CRH2型车动力学模型进行仿真分析,结果发现随着励磁电流的增加,列车曲线通过性明显改善.励磁电流的增大可以明显降低四个车轮的脱轨系数与轮轨垂向力和...     

焦柳线酉水大桥上货物列车脱轨分析

结合自动控制理论，研究了桥上列车脱轨的力学机理，发现桥上列车脱轨是列车-桥梁时变系统横向振动丧失稳定的结果。根据桥上列车脱轨能量随机分析理论，对焦柳线酉水大桥上货物列车是否脱轨进行了计算和分析，并得到了列车脱轨时此系统振动响应的时程曲线；同时，提出了该桥在不采取加固措施的条件下预防列车脱轨的限速建议值，该值与该桥实车振动试验所确定的限速值一致。最后，指出我国《铁路桥梁钢结构设计规范》中制订连续钢桁梁桥横向刚度限值时存在的问题，论证了按列车脱轨能量随机分析理论重新制订桥梁横向刚度限值的必要性。     

基于货物列车抗脱轨安全度的重载铁路轨道结构强化措施评价

根据重载铁路货物列车-轨道系统(FTT系统)横向振动稳定性分析方法,提出基于货物列车抗脱轨安全度的重载铁路轨道结构强化措施评价方法,分析并量化提高钢轨等级、采用III型轨枕、强化扣件及道床等轨道强化措施对货物列车抗脱轨安全度的影响。研究结果表明:与提高钢轨等级相比,采用III型轨枕对列车抗脱轨能力、临界车速及容许极限车速的影响更大;强化扣件或道床均可大幅度提高列车抗脱轨能力、临界车速及容许极限车速,但当扣件和道床的横向刚度分别大于120 MN/m和15 MN/m时,货物列车抗脱轨安全度提升幅度较小;上述轨道强化措施均能改善行车平稳性,但强化道床对行车平稳性影响较小。轨道强化措施具有提高货物列车抗脱轨安全度的功能,且本文提出的评价方法能够反映列车抗脱轨信息,可为轨道强化措施的评价和制定提供参考。     

重载铁路轨道刚度对货物列车抗脱轨安全度的影响

为确定具有预防货物列车脱轨功能的轨道刚度合理值,基于列车轨道系统空间振动计算模型及列车脱轨能量随机分析方法,提出了货物列车-轨道(FTT)系统横向振动稳定性分析方法,分析多组扣件及道床横向刚度组合下FTT系统抗脱轨能力、FTT系统横向振动稳定性及其振动响应的影响.结果表明:FTT系统抗脱轨能力、临界车速及容许极限车速随着扣件及道床横向刚度的增大均有大幅度提高,但当扣件和道床横向刚度分别增大至90和10 MN/m时,其提高幅度逐渐减小,且当扣件和道床横向刚度分别由120 MN/m增至150 MN/m、15 MN/m增至20 M N/m时FTT系统抗脱轨能力、临界车速及容许极限车速仅提高了3.9%,1.8%和1.8%;另外,增大扣件和道床横向刚度有助于减小轨道横向位移.考虑日趋紧张的重载铁路市场竞争,建议扣件横向刚度取90~120 MN/m,道床横向刚度取10~15 MN/m.     

重载铁路桥上货物列车脱轨预防措施

针对重载铁路常见桥梁结构特点,建立货物列车-轨道-桥梁系统(简称"FTTB系统")空间振动计算模型;按照列车脱轨能量随机分析理论,提出重载铁路FTTB系统横向振动稳定性分析方法。通过算例,计算圆形墩加固前、后FTTB系统横向振动稳定性及其振动响应。研究结果表明:算例中圆形墩加固后FTTB系统抗脱轨能力可提高50%;圆形墩加固前、后FTTB系统横向振动失稳临界车速分别为134.45 km/h和156.99 km/h,容许极限车速分别为107.56 km/h和125.59 km/h;圆形墩加固后货物列车以80 km/h车速过桥时平稳性有保证;与加固前相比,桥梁跨中和墩顶横向位移分别减小54.5%和83.8%。该分析方法能够同时反映货物列车脱轨信息和FTTB系统空间振动特性,可为桥上货物列车脱轨预防措施提供更加全面、科学的评价。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that