AFLP技术发展及其在水产生物学研究中的应用

扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)是一种有效的分子生物学分析方法,既有RFLP技术的可靠性又具有RAPD技术的高效性.该方法高效、灵敏、模板需要量少、多态性强,且实验结果稳定性、重复性好.本文简要介绍了该技术的发生及发展,并主要阐述了该技术在水产生物学的遗传多样性分析、高密度遗传图谱的构建、遗传育种操作效应监测、种质鉴定、基因的定位及分离、系统分类和进化等方面的应用.同时预测了AFLP在水产生物甲基化研究中潜在的应用前景.     

原核DNA甲基化的表观调控作用的研究进展

自从2009年第三代DNA测序技术平台商业化以来，测序、绘制原核DNA甲基化组飞速发展，10余年来已完成甲基化组测序的细菌超过4 000种，极大推动了原核表观遗传学的研究.越来越多的研究表明，DNA甲基化修饰不仅仅局限于宿主的防御功能，而且广泛参与各种细胞过程及基因的表达调控，在染色体的复制起始、细胞周期、致病性、抗生素抗性等方面起到了重要的作用.在简要回顾原核DNA甲基转移酶及其甲基化修饰的相关研究的基础上，着重对近期原核甲基化修饰的调控作用的研究进展进行综述，以期推动原核甲基化修饰表观遗传的研究.     

肿瘤发生的表观遗传机制和表观治疗方法

表观遗传包括通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑和RNA干扰等,通过这些机制干扰了正常基因的功能。越来越多的研究表明,DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰异常,在多种肿瘤的发生中起重要作用。本文对表观遗传的分子机制,和同肿瘤发生的关系,以及肿瘤的表观治疗策略作了详细的综述。     

DNA甲基化数据的可视化分析

DNA甲基化作为一种重要的表观遗传修饰,在生长发育、基因调控、染色质结构、分子印记以及许多疾病中起着至关重要的作用.随着各种测序技术的不断发展产生了大量的DNA甲基化数据,对其数据进行分析是目前DNA甲基化研究的一个热点和难点.目前针对于DNA甲基化数据的研究主要体现在基因组的局部区域上,而针对全基因组的分析则无法直观表现.为了更加直观的分析同一位点不同修饰信号的DNA甲基化数据间的差别,本文采用了一种专门针对表观遗传研究的数据库—WashU Epigenome Browser,针对人类表观遗传学药物数据库(HEDD)中的疾病数据,可视化的分析不同修饰信号间的差异并用数据波峰图来解释说明.     

MSAP在水稻害虫白背飞虱中的应用研究

甲基化敏感的扩增多态性分析方法 (MSAP)是在扩增片段长度多态性技术基础上建立起来的主要用来检测样品基因组DNA甲基化情况的一种方法,特别适用于全基因组范围内检测CCGG位点的胞嘧啶甲基化情况,在高等动物和许多植物上已广泛应用,但尚未有在昆虫中应用该方法的报道。从DNA提取、酶切基因组DNA用量、酶切和接头连接时间、电泳图谱显影方法等方面对MSAP方法进行了改进,并在水稻重要害虫白背飞虱上得到成功应用。这为将来在其它昆虫中使用该方法研究基因组DNA甲基化情况提供了一定借鉴和指导价值。且通过比较白背飞虱雌雄性别间和长短翅型间的MSAP图谱,发现雌雄性别间和长短翅型间的基因组DNA甲基化式样都存在明显的差异,说明DNA甲基化可能参与了性别和翅型分化的调节。     

恐惧记忆的DNA甲基化机制研究进展

综述了在恐惧记忆发生过程中DNA甲基化可能的作用机制,指出了中枢神经系统DNA甲基化的改变可以调控基因转录和海马神经发生,甚至通过精子DNA甲基化水平的改变传递给后代,从而参与恐惧记忆的表观遗传修饰.临床研究表明:人类确实存在创伤后应激障碍的代际遗传现象,结合分子生物学的研究成果.探讨了未来有望在创伤后应激障碍等精神疾病诊治上取得的进展.     

昆虫DNA甲基化研究进展

DNA甲基化作为重要的表观遗传修饰,在动植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用,一直是表观遗传学的研究热点.然而,有关DNA甲基化在昆虫生长发育及环境响应过程中的功能及调控机制尚不明确.针对目前已鉴定到的昆虫DNA甲基转移酶的种类及其结构、DNA甲基化作用方式及调控机制、昆虫DNA甲基化相关研究方法等进行综述,以期为后续深入了解昆虫及其他节肢动物的表观遗传调控机制提供参考.     

DNA分子标记及其在保护生物学中的应用

根据国内外最新资料，论述了限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性、扩增片段多态性和微卫星等DNA分子标记的基本原理及其优缺点；同时，论述了DNA分子标记在保护生物学中检测遗传多样性、遗传管理及确定分类地位和保护地位、系统进化、性别鉴定、基因图谱和基因定位等方面的应用。     

ISSR分子标记技术在作物遗传育种中的应用

ISSR标记技术是在SSR基础上发展起来的一项新的标记技术,其引物设计简单,多态性高,重复性好,无需知道两端的碱基序列,信息量大,已在植物的遗传作图、种质鉴定、基因定位、遗传多样性等研究方面得到应用.本文对ISSR技术的原理和特点及其在作物遗传育种领域的应用进行了综述.     

高活力水稻种子萌发过程中DNA甲基化变化的MSAP分析

DNA甲基化是基因组DNA的一种主要表观遗传修饰形式,是调节基因组功能的重要手段。本实验采用MSAP方法分析,旨在研究高活力水稻种子萌发过程中的甲基化与去甲基化变化的规律,为研究种子的老化机理和种子的长期保存提供依据。结果表明:水稻种子萌发过程中,同时发生了甲基化与去甲基化作用,且去甲基化作用先于甲基化作用发生。发生去甲基化可能与基因活化有关,发生甲基化可能与组织特异性有关。     

Detection of DNA methylation changes during seed germination in rapeseed （Brassica napus）

DNA methylation is a common yet important modi- fication of DNA in eukaryotic organisms. DNA methy- lation, especially methylation of cytosine (m5C), have both epigenetic and mutagenic effects on various cellu- lar activities such as differential gene exp…     

Habitat-induced reciprocal transformation in the root phenotype of Oriental ginseng is associated with alteration in DNA methylation

Oriental ginseng is an important medicinal plant that grows in 2 major forms or ecotypes, wild and domesticated. Each form differs conspicuously in root phenotype, but can be converted from one type to another by habitat. Here we show that the habitat-induced transformation of ginseng root phenotype was accompanied by alteration in cytosine methylation at a large number of 5′-CCGG-3′ sites detected by the methylation-sensitive polymorphism (MSAP) marker. The collective CG and CHG methylation levels of all 4 landraces of the domesticated form were significantly lower than those of the wild form. Interestingly, artificially transplanted ginseng plants recreated in both directions the methylation levels (at least in CHG) of their natural counterparts. The methylation differences between the 2 ginseng ecotypes were validated at 2 isolated MSAP loci bearing homology to a 5S rRNA gene or a copia retrotransposon. Our results implicate a link between epigenetic variation and habitat-induced phenotypic flexibility in Oriental ginseng.     

抗白粉病小麦近等基因系DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性（MSAP）技术检测小麦抗白粉病代换系6A／6V与感病品系京411的近等基因系NILs,及其亲本6A／6V和京411的基因组DNA甲基化变化．结果表明,NILs的整体甲基化水平（22．9％）略高于6A／6V（21．2％）,低于京411（23．4％）．分析其甲基化模式发现,NILs相对京411甲基化水平降低条带比例（2．89％）明显高于甲基化提高条带（0．55％）,而相对抗病亲本6A／6V,NILs甲基化水平降低条带比例（2．96％）明显低于甲基化提高条带（4．20％）,说明NILs的整体基因表达水平低于6A／6V,高于京411．     

Patterns of DNA cytosine methylation between haploids and corresponding diploids in rice

In higher plant, about 30% cytosines are methy-lated[1], among which about 90% methylated sites lie in CpG dinucleotide and CpNpG trinucleotide[2]. The me-thylated DNA has inducing and epigenetic effects on cell biological procedures such as gene differen…     

F-MSAP： A practical system to detect methylation in chicken genome

By replacing radiation with fluorescent system in the technique of methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism （MSAP） and optimizing reaction conditions, a modified technique to detect DNA methylation called F-MSAP （fluorescent labeled methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism） was developed. In the present study, cytosine methylation patterns of genomic DNA were investigated in two inbred chickens and their F1 hybrids. Three types of methylation patterns were observed in each individual, namely fully methylated, hemi-methylated or not methylated types. The average incidence of methylation was approximately 40%. The percentage that the F1 hybrid individual inherits the methylation for any given sites from either/both parent amounted to 95%, while the percentage of altered methylation patterns in F1 individual was only 5%, including 14 increased and 12 decreased methylation types, demonstrating that F-MSAP was highly efficient for large-scale detection of cytosine methylation in chicken genome. Our technique can be further extended to other animals or plants with complex genome and rich in methylation polymorphism.     

Analysis of DNA methylation variation in wheat genetic background after alien chromatin introduction based on methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism

During the process of alien germplasm introduced into wheat genome by chromosome engineering, extensive genetic variations of genome structure and gene expression in recipient could be induced. In this study, we performed GISH （genome in situ hybridization） and AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） on wheat-rye chromosome translocation lines and their parents to detect the identity in genomic structure of different translocation lines. The results showed that the genome primary structure variations were not obviously detected in different translocation lines except the same 1RS chromosome translocation. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） analyses on genomic DNA showed that the ratios of fully-methylated sites were significantly increased in translocation lines （CN12, 20.15%; CN17, 20.91%; CN18, 22.42%）, but the ratios of hemimethylated sites were significantly lowered （CN12, 21.41%; CN17, 23.43%; CN18, 22.42%）, whereas 16.37% were fully-methylated and 25.44% were hemimethylated in case of their wheat parent. Twenty-nine classes of methylation patterns were identified in a comparative assay of cytosine methylation patterns between wheat-rye translocation lines and their wheat parent, including 13 hypermethylation patterns （33.74%）, 9 demethylation patterns （22.76%） and 7 uncertain patterns （4.07%）. In further sequence analysis, the alterations of methylation pattern affected both repetitive DNA sequences, such as retrotransposons and tandem repetitive sequences, and low-copy DNA.     

Speciation- induced heritable cytosine methylation changes in polyploid wheat

To study possible epigenetic changes accompanying polyploid speciation, genomic DNA from natural polyploid wheats and their putative diploid progenitors were digested with a pair of isoschizomers Hpa II / Msp I and hybridized to 21 different types of low-copy DNA sequences. It was found that cytosine methylation changes were abundant in natural polyploid wheats after their speciation. The hybridization of the same set of sequences to a synthetic hexaploid wheat along with its parental lines indicated that the extensive DNA methylation changes already existed in the early generations (S5, S6 and Sy) of this plant. Moreover, the high similarity of the changed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns among three randomly chosen individual plants suggested that the methylation changes occurred even earlier, and/or were of a nonrandom nature. The changed patterns were stably inherited in the three successive selfed generations. Though methylation changes are probably a genome-wide occurrence, they appeared to be confined to the specific types of DNA sequences. The possible implications of the rapid and extensive cytosine methylation changes for several attributes of allopolyploid genome evolution, such as genetic diploidization and gene diversification, are discussed .     

DNA分子诊断技术应用研究进展

介绍了DNA的多态性及其在医学、植物育种、破案等方面的应用,论述了DNA在各应用领域的研究进展,对其未来发展进行了展望。