双季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及表面活性研究

用脂肪酸制备了乙撑双(二甲基)季铵盐基双脂肪酸甲酯(B)及乙撑双(二甲基)季铵盐基双脂肪酸钠盐(C),用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征.经测定,分别用十二酸和十四酸制备的B1和B2其临界胶束浓度(cmc)分别为1.4×10-4和2.2×10-4 mol/L,其表面张力(γcmc)分别为30.5和37.8 mN/m;C1和C2的cmc分别为7.8×10-5和3.0×10-4 mol/L,γcmc分别为28.9和36.9 mN/m.结果表明,与普通表面活性剂相比,双子表面活性剂B1和B2的cmc要低1～2个数量级,γcmc也低了2～9个mN/m;C1、C2的cmc仅为普通表面活性剂的1/60～1/230,而γcmc相差不大.     

单油酸甘油酯琥珀酸单酯羧酸钠盐表面活性剂的合成及性能

采用单油酸甘油酯和马来酸酐为原料,以丙酸钠为催化剂,经酯化、碳酸氢钠溶液中和,合成了单油酸甘油酯琥珀酸单酯羧酸钠盐阴离子表面活性剂。通过单因素实验确定了适宜的酯化反应工艺条件:马来酸酐与单油酸甘油酯摩尔比为2∶1;反应时间为1h;反应温度为90℃;催化剂用量10%(相对于单油酸甘油酯的摩尔分数)。单油酸甘油酯琥珀酸单酯羧酸钠盐的表面活性剂性能测试结果表明:该表面活性剂具有优良的性能,25℃时临界胶束浓度ccmc为1.37×10-4mol/L,对应的表面张力γcmc为33.9mN/m,饱和吸附量Γmax为2.52×10~(-10) mol/cm~2,分子最小吸附面积Amin为0.66nm~2,降低表面张力效率因子p(c20)为4.41,泡沫体积为300mL,泡沫稳定性为96.7%,乳化分水时间为144.5s.随着温度升高,ccmc,γcmc和Γmax均减小,Amin和pC20增大,发泡能力增强。     

醇醚型磺基琥珀酸酯盐系列的合成、结构与性能

该文对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐 (n =3,5 ,7,9)的合成工艺和表面化学性能及应用性能进行了系统研究 ,并对反应物结构与其反应活性和产物结构与其表面活性的关系进行了讨论。结果表明 ,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚中乙氧基聚合数n由 3增加到 9,其酯化反应所需最佳温度由 110℃逐渐升高至 140℃ ;产物临界胶束浓度cmc 由 5 .0 1× 10 -4 mol/L减小至 1.41× 10 -4 mol/L ;临界表面张力γc 由 32 .5mN/m增大至 39.3mN/m ;钙皂分散力LSDP和乳化力逐渐增强 ,其中 ,乙氧基聚合数n为 9时 ,其钙皂分散力、乳化力最强 ;而当乙氧基聚合数n为 5时其去污能力最强。     

BPEG-MMA的合成及其导电性和流变性

以聚乙二醇(Mr 分别为200,400)和甲基丙烯酸进行单酯化反应,所得单酯再与三溴化磷进行溴化反应合成了一种新的两端具有功能团的不饱和溴化物,即溴代甲基丙烯酸单聚乙二醇酯(BPEG-MMA).研究了溴化反应中反应物物质的量比、反应物浓度、温度对溴代反应的影响.初步研究了产物的电导率和流变性.结果表明:30 ℃时,BPEG(400)-MMA的黏度为0.17 Pa·s,BPEG(200)-MMA的黏度为0.35 Pa·s;30 ℃时前者的电导率达到6.17×10-5 s/cm,后者为1.74×10-3 s/cm.     

假单胞菌593多铜氧化酶CopA的漆酶活性研究

从假单胞菌593中克隆出多铜氧化酶copA基因,并将其转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) p Lys S过量表达和纯化.纯化的CopA蛋白展示出漆酶活性,针对漆酶的3种底物ABTS、DMP、SGZ,CopA的最适反应pH分别是3. 5、7. 5和7. 5,最适反应温度分别是50℃、50℃和42℃.pH稳定性和热稳定研究发现,在pH 7. 0条件下,CopA比较稳定,在温度大于42℃保存该蛋白,其活性降低较快.二价金属离子影响实验发现,CopA漆酶活性能被二价铜离子显著加强.酶动力学常数实验结果展示,CopA作用于底物ABTS,K_m为0. 281 mmol/L,V_(max)为3. 02×10~(-3)mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1),k_(cat)为1. 8 s~(-1); CopA作用于底物DMP,K_m为0. 141 mmol/L,V_(max)为4. 54×10~(-3)mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1),k_(cat)为2. 2 s~(-1); CopA作用于底物SGZ,K_m为0. 025 mmol/L,V_(max)等于0. 7×10~(-3)mmol·L~(-1)·min~(-1),k_(cat)为0. 87 s~(-1).     

一种糠醛型季铵盐的合成

采用糠醛、正丁胺及卤代烷为原料合成单长链糠醛型季铵盐N-甲基-N-丁基-N-十二烷基-2-呋喃-亚甲基碘化铵,考察了反应时间、物料配比和温度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明N-丁基-2-呋喃-亚胺、N-丁基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺以及N-丁基-N-十二烷基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺的最佳合成条件分别为:反应时间4h,n(糠醛)∶n(正丁胺)=1∶2,反应温度60℃;反应时间4h,n(亚胺)∶n(硼氢化钠)=1∶2.5,温度0～5℃;反应时间16h,n(N-丁基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺)∶n(溴代十二烷)=1∶1.1,反应温度为80 ℃.质谱证实了产品结构,经两相滴定法测得活性物含量为95.1％;产品的cmc为0.000 2moL/L,γcmc为33.93 mN/m,表面活性较好.     

新型含硼两性表面活性剂REAB的研制

以 1 溴十二烷与二乙醇胺烷基化合成N、N 二羟乙基十二烷基胺 (REA) ,再与硼酸酯化合成了一类新型含硼两性特种表面活性剂 (REAB) .其在pH值 6 .6～ 9.1范围内显示两性特征 :在pH值 5～ 11范围内表面活性优良 ,CMC为 1.0 34× 10 -3 mol/L、γcmc为 2 5 .6 8mN/m ;其具有中等的泡沫性能 ,且具有优良的抗静电效果     

新型羧酸盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以二乙烯三胺、丙烯酸甲酯和月桂酰氯等原料,通过迈克尔加成反应、酰胺化缩合反应及皂化反应等合成了具有三烷基链羧酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,应用红外光谱表征其结构,采用悬滴法考察了产物水溶液的表面活性,并计算出产品的饱和吸附量(Гmax)和单分子饱和吸附面积(Amin)。实验结果表明目标产物具有较好的表面活性,在25℃临界胶束浓度(cmc)为0.90mmol/L、表面张力(γcmc)为27.8mN/m,其表面活性优于传统的表面活性剂月桂酸钠(SL)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)。     

2—乙基己基膦酸单(2—乙基己基)酯萃取钴(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)、镁的研究

本文在25±1℃下用分配法考察了P_(507)—煤油从硫酸盐介质中萃取Co(Ⅱ)Ni(Ⅱ)、Mg的机理。求得其萃合物组成分别为CoA_2·2HA,NiA_2·4HA,MgA_2·3 HA;表观萃取平衡常数K_(1,2)~(CO)=10~(-6·27),K_(1,4)~(Ni)=10~(-7·14)和K_(1,3)~(Mo)=10~(-6·30)。革取反应为下式所示的阳离子交换反应:■考察萃取分离条件的结果表明,在适当的金属离子浓度比时,PH对分离系数有较大影响而温度的影响不明显。     

蒙古扁桃油脂特性及抗氧化稳定性研究

对蒙古扁桃种仁油脂特性及抗氧化稳定进行研究.结果表明,蒙古扁桃油脂抗氧化稳定性很强.现提取蒙古扁桃种仁油脂的过氧化值为165.0μmol·kg~(-1),在4℃冰箱里放置6个月后油脂过氧化值、酸价和碘值分别为840.0μmol·kg~(-1),0.534mg·g~(-1)和111.73g·(100g)-1.用Schaal烘箱法在(60±1)℃高温处理21d后其酸价由0.295mg·g~(-1)增至0.685mg·g~(-1),过氧化值由0.165mmol·kg~(-1)增至15.620mmol·kg~(-1),碘值第8d后检测不出.蒙古扁桃油脂中δ-维生素E的含量最高,为57.1 mg·(100g)-1,其次是α-维生素E,为49.36mg·(100g)-1,γ-和β-维生素E含量分别为22.30mg·(100g)-1和28.65mg·(100g)-1,总量为157.4mg·(100g)-1.从蒙古扁桃油脂中检测出Cu、Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg等人体必需元素,其含量依次为ZnMgCuCaFe.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-