Imaging surface structure of purple membrane partly dissolved by CHAPS with atomic force microscope

Atomic force microscope was employed to study the surface structure of purple membrane (PM) using contact mode in liquid. The surface structures of native PM and PM partly dissolved by detergent CHAPS were com- pared. Results show that 6 mmol/L CHAPS could induce some cracks and holes in PM. While Bateriorhodopsin (BR) was still presented as trimers in the two-dimensional hex- agonal structure. We assume that it was caused by the inter- action between CHAPS micellar and PM. Both absorption spectra and flash photolysis kinetic spectra indicated that BR抯 biochemical functions have been changed.     

脂质体模型在抗菌肽膜作用机制研究中的应用进展

抗菌肽是一种阳离子、两亲性的膜活性多肽,具有广谱抗菌活性,改变膜渗透性,且对宿主正常细胞的毒副作用较小的特点.近年来研究表明,抗菌肽最基本的作用方式是破坏细菌的细胞膜结构,因此抗菌肽膜作用机制的研究引起了人们的广泛关注.为了研究抗菌肽与细菌细胞膜的相互作用,根据细胞膜磷脂成分的差异,以脂质体模拟细胞膜的模型,逐步成为抗菌肽结构与功能研究中的常用方法.对脂质体模型在抗菌肽结构、功能以及膜作用方式等研究中的作用、意义和方法进行了综述.     

Effects of Cholate on the Stability of Bacteriorhodopsin in Alkaline Solution

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紫膜脂质体的制备及其质子泵功能的检测

通过超声技术制备了含紫膜的卵磷脂脂质体。吸收光谱表明紫膜脂持体中可能有部分ｂＲ分子以单体的形式存在。毫秒级动力学光谱集资和ｐＨ计的确认光照后该体系周围介质碱化,实验结果表明紫膜脂质体中ｂＲ分子的取向与其在细胞中天然状态的取向相反。     

敲击模式扫描近场光学显微镜

为了实现敲击模式的扫描近场光学显微镜 ,采用以石英音叉为灵敏探测器件 ,将光纤探针垂直音叉侧臂粘接 ,使探针在垂直样品的方向上振动 ,以“敲击”方式探测样品表面的信息 ,实现近场范围的高度控制。仪器结构紧凑 ,操作方便 ,灵敏度高 ,可用于液体环境下的样品探测 ,在对样品形貌进行探测的同时可实现对光信号的调制。将这种探测模式应用于实验 ,获得 2 40 0线 /mm光栅、光盘母盘和生物细胞的形貌图像。实验证明 :这种探测方式分辨率优于 2 0 0 nm,适用于不同硬度的样品 ,可以作为材料学、生物学等领域的有力工具。     

用化学发光法检测脂膜的过氧化 Ⅰ.脂质体的自发的和诱发的化学发光

制备了多种类型的脂质体,用化学发光法去测量其上的脂膜过氧化和自由基反应。试验表明:脂质体脂膜的过氧化与介质的温度、pH、pO_2及脂质体的浓度有关,试验过程中应该控制这些因素。用细胞色素C和H_2O_2诱发扩增化学发光时,还应控制反应的时间。脂质体接近于生物膜,是研究脂质过氧化的好材料。用化学发光法测量脂质过氧化和自由基反应,具有灵敏、快速、简便的优点。     

高耐磨聚四氟乙烯复合材料的实验研究

利用MM-200摩擦磨损试验机考察了填充聚丙烯腈的聚四氟乙烯复合材料在干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能．用扫描电子显微镜对样品的磨损面和转移膜进行了观察和分析．结果表明，聚丙烯腈的加入，使聚四氟乙烯的耐磨损性大幅提高，摩擦系数有所降低；填充聚丙烯腈的聚四氟乙烯样品的对磨面有完整而且不易脱落的转移膜，这是其具有良好耐磨性的主要原因；在复合材料中，聚丙烯腈与聚四氟乙烯有很好的相容性．     

Imaging bacteriorhodopsinlike molecules of claretmembranes from Tibet halobacteria xz515 by atomic force microscope

HalobacteriaH.sp.xz 515 was isolated from a salt lake in Tibet. Although proton release-and-uptake across claret membrane is in reverse order compared to bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane fromHalobacterium Salinarum, and its efficiency of proton pump is much lower, AFM image shows that the molecules are still arranged in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of trimers. Primary structure of Cto G-helix of the archaerhodopsin shows that it has only 56% homology with bacteriorhodopsin. But the interactive amino acid residues at the interface between B and D-helixes are conserved. These amino acid residues are believed to play a significant role in the stability of protein oligomers.     

氯甲基化聚砜/聚砜共混超滤膜的制备

以氯甲基化聚砜(CMPSF)和聚砜(PSF)为膜材料,以聚乙二醇(PEG600)为添加剂,采用L-S相转化法制备CMPSF/PSF共混超滤膜.对CMPSF/PSF共混膜进行季铵化探索,并通过扫描电镜观察膜的断面结构.运用均匀设计方法安排实验,用SPSS软件进行数据处理,得到水通量的回归方程.通过单因素影响模拟计算,考察共混比、聚合物浓度、添加剂浓度和挥发时间等制膜条件对水通量的影响.研究结果表明,最优制备参数是:聚合物总浓度为22%,共混比(m(CMPSF)/m(PSF))为1/4,添加剂含量为6%,蒸发时间为90 s.CMPSF/PSF共混超滤膜的水通量为195.3 L/(m2 ·h),在操作压力为0.2 MPa时对聚乙烯醇PVA(相对分子质量为31 000～50 000)的截留率为99.5%;CMPSF/PSF共混膜季铵化后水通量降低,截留率变化不大;CMPSF/PSF共混膜断面形态属于典型的非对称指状孔结构,季铵化后膜发生了溶胀.     

The interaction between purple membrane and membrane lipid

Bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane was reconstituted into different lipid vesicles. The effect of three different lipids on the structure and function of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles was studied by the observation on freeze-fracture eletron microscopy, the rotational diffusion of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles, the measurement of absorption spectrum, and the absorbance change with time. For these prepared samples, the results showed that DMPC was the stable lipid environment of bacteriorhodopsin; egg-pc causeed the loss of retinal chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin and it was not reversible change, cholesterol could stabilize the bacteriorhodopsin in lipid environment,but it caused the aggregation of bacteriorhodopsin.     

掠入射X射线显微镜反射率分析

X射线掠入射显微镜的反射率除了与掠入射角有关之外,还与反射表面的粗糙度密切相关．以设计的非共轴掠入射KBAX射线显微镜系统为例,讨论了掠入射下X射线从金属表面和单层膜表面反射的两种情况．分析了波长为0．83nm时,表面均方粗糙度（RMS）对反射率的影响,并计算了该系统的X射线反射率．分析结果表明RMS增大,反射率会降低;无氧铜的反射率为0．021,单层膜的反射率为0．049,因此KBAX射线显微镜可采用镀单层膜的方法加工．     

Aligning DNA on Si surface and cutting off by tips of atomic force microscope

DNA is a kind of promising molecule as nano-lead to build or connect nano-devices due to its stable linear structure and certain conductivity. Many methods have been applied to constructing nano-patterns by using DNA molecule. In this report it is presented that λ-DNA was aligned on Si substrate by using the free-flowing method and then imaged by an atomic force microscope (AFM). After the second liquid flow, a catenary-like pattern and a crossed network of λ-DNA were formed. In addition, the aligned λ-DNA was successfully cut off by tips of AFM.     

溶菌酶脂质体的制备及其对生物膜的剥离作用

采用逆向蒸发法制备了稳定的溶菌酶脂质体.在不锈钢表面培养出稳定生物膜后,分别利用溶菌酶和溶菌酶脂质体对其进行剥离.运用Zeta电位仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)对脂质体和生物膜进行表征.结果表明制备的脂质体平均粒径为80~100 nm,包封率为82.4%.相同浓度下溶菌酶及其脂质体对混合菌种形成的生物膜剥离效率分别达到62.4%和86.5%.溶菌酶脂质体在24h内对生物膜和水体中微生物去除率分别达到89.6%和99.6%.因此,溶菌酶脂质体能够有效控制不锈钢表面生物膜污染风险.     

阳离子脂质体在基因治疗中的应用

介绍了阳离子脂质体的组成和结构特点以及作为基因载体在基因治疗方面的应用．阳离子脂质体转基因的机理研究表明：阳离子脂质体／基因复合物进入细胞的方式依赖于细胞的内吞作用或通过细胞的膜融合作用．     

磺化聚醚醚酮(sPEEK)/SiO2杂化质子交换膜的制备与表征

为提高磺化聚醚醚酮(sPEEK)质子交换膜的耐甲醇渗透性能,用正硅酸乙酯为前驱体制得硅溶胶,在sPEEK中原位生成SiO2,制备了直接甲醇燃料电池用sPEEK/SiO2杂化质子交换膜材料,用核磁共振(1H-NMR)和Fourier红外光谱(FT-IR)表征了膜的化学结构,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了sPEEK与SiO2的复合形态,用交流阻抗仪和气相色谱仪分别测定了膜的质子传导率和甲醇渗透系数。实验结果表明,在质子传导率没有严重降低的同时,杂化膜的阻醇性得到了较好的改善。     

氟比洛芬脂质体的制备及其载药性能研究

利用薄膜蒸发-超声分散法制备氟比洛芬脂质体,通过鱼精蛋白凝聚法测定脂质体对氟比洛芬的包封率和载药率,研究了氟比洛芬脂质体载药性能的影响因素.结果表明,制得的氟比洛芬脂质体的粒径为100～250 nm,具有良好的分散性;氟比洛芬定位于脂质体的疏水基团区域,它在卵磷脂相和水相中的分配系数KD为815.6.当卵磷脂浓度为5.4×10-4mol.L-1时,所得脂质体对氟比洛芬的包封率和载药率比较理想;随着氟比洛芬与卵磷脂的质量比的增加,脂质体对氟比洛芬的载药率增大,包封率降低;胆固醇可以调节脂质体膜的稳定性,胆固醇与卵磷脂的质量比应该控制在0.3以下,过高浓度的胆固醇会大量插入膜内使得膜的刚性增强,导致脂质体对氟比洛芬的载药率和包封率降低.     

Molecular manipulation using a tunnelling microscope

In a very short time the scanning tunnelling microscope has become an important tool in surface science, and physics in general. Its primary use has been to obtain atomic-resolution images of surfaces, but recently, efforts have been made to use it to manipulate materials as well as image them. One may now reasonably ask if it is possible to move and alter matter predictably on an atomic scale. Here we report the accomplishment of the smallest yet, purposeful, spatially localized changes in matter, effected on a graphite surface. We believe that the changes result from the pinning of individual organic molecules to the graphite. The reverse manipulation, the removal of pinned molecules, has also been demonstrated. Finally, we have evidence that we can remove a portion of a pinned molecule, effectively performing transformations on single molecules using the tunnelling microscope.     

聚合膜固定葡萄糖氧化酶及酶活性分析

采用电化学石英晶振阻抗分析法,测定了中性缓冲溶液中葡萄糖氧化酶在去甲肾上腺素电氧化聚合膜中固定化酶的量;并结合安培法,定量检测了固定化酶(ESAi)和游离酶(ESAn)的比活性以及固定化酶相对于游离酶的酶相对比活性(ERA)。另外,采用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)监测了酶电极检测电位下"泄漏"H2O2的氧化电流,并分析该泄漏电流的存在可能是引起酶电极ERA偏低的重要原因。     

Nanoscale imaging with an integrated system combining stimulated emission depletion microscope and atomic force microscope

We have built an integrated imaging system by combining stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope and atomic force microscope (AFM). The STED microscope was constructed based on the supercontinuum fiber laser and a super lateral resolution of 42 nm was achieved. With this integrated imaging system, morphological features, mechanical parameters and fluorescence super resolution imaging were obtained simultaneously for both nanobeads and fixed cell samples. This new integrated imaging system is expected to obtain comprehensive information at the nanoscale for studies in nanobiology and nanomedicine.     

悬浮载体复合膜生物反应器过滤特性及滤饼层微结构特征

为研究悬浮载体复合式膜生物反应器(SCMBR)的膜过滤特性和膜表面滤饼层的微观结构特征,对SCMBR和传统膜生物反应器(CMBR)膜污染表面进行了对比分析.阻力构成分析表明,SCMBR滤饼层阻力所占总阻力比率在相同运行时间(15%,10 kPa,34 h)和跨膜压力(45%,30 kPa,89 h)下均小于CMBR(63.33%,34 h,30 kPa).污染膜表面扫描电镜分析表明,SCMBR反应器内膜表面滤饼层结构较疏松,孔隙较大.通过ISA3D软件对共聚焦显微镜图像进行分析,确定了滤饼层微观结构参数,结合Carman-Kozeny方程研究了SCMBR滤饼层阻力减小的机理.