结核分枝杆菌Hsp16．3对感染巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

为研究结核分枝杆菌Hsp16．3对感染巨噬细胞凋亡的影响。分别用结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株（H37Rv）、结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株Hsp16．3基因缺失突变株（△H37Rv）、卡介苗（BCG）和卡介苗Hsp16．3基因缺失突变株（△BCG）感染RAW264．7巨噬细胞株,使用流式细胞技术于感染1、3、6及12h检测各组感染巨噬细胞的凋亡率,并分析其变化。结果显示,巨噬细胞感染结核分枝杆菌后凋亡率升高,其中在感染1、3、12h,BCG组与H37Rv组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;在感染1、3h,△BCG组与AH37Rv组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;在感染3、6、12h,△H37Rv组与H37Rv组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,△BCG组与BCG组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。由此可知,结核分枝杆菌Hspl6．3可抑制感染巨噬细胞的凋亡。     

结核分枝杆菌单克隆抗体与自身抗原组蛋白的免疫交叉反应研究

ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＢｌｏｔ实验证实了结核分枝杆菌的Ｈ３７Ｒａ的单克隆抗体与自身抗原组蛋白发生免疫交叉反应。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株与耐异烟肼菌株间细胞壁蛋白质组双向电泳图谱比较

利用双向电泳技术可以对体外培养的结核分枝杆菌非耐药型菌株和耐药型菌株进行细胞壁蛋白质组学比较,寻找与耐药相关的蛋白质．结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株与耐异烟肼菌株在Middlebrook 7H9 Broth培养基中37℃摇床培养1个月后,从培养物中提取结核分枝杆菌细胞壁蛋白．以pH4～7的IPG预制胶条为第一向等电聚焦,以SDS-PAGE为双向电泳第二向,经过银氨染色,图像扫描后,利用软件分析处理图像．在结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株和耐异烟肼菌株的细胞壁蛋白质凝胶图谱中分别检测出499和582个蛋白质斑点．它们的蛋白质分子质量分布基本相似,其中有102个斑点差异显著．这为研究耐异烟肼菌株的耐药机制提供了蛋白质组学方面的信息．     

单因子和正交设计法建立分枝杆菌多重PCR体系

为了建立一种快速区分鉴定结核与非结核分枝杆菌的多重PCR方法,以分支杆菌属特异基因32kD,结核分枝杆菌种特异基因MTP40和结核分枝杆菌复合群特异基因IS6110为目标基因,设计合成3对特异性引物,以结核分枝杆菌标准株DNA为模板,通过对PCR反应体系中DNA模板浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度和TaqDNA聚合酶浓度5个因素的正交设计,以及PCR反应条件中各反应参数的优化,建立了鉴别分支杆菌的多重PCR检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、敏感性进行了验证。结果显示:该方法对结核分枝杆菌标准株H37Ra能扩增出506、396和984bp,对卡介苗(BCG)能扩增出506和984bp片段,对禽分支杆菌、胞内分支杆菌、偶发分支杆菌、耻垢分支杆菌、龟分支杆菌能够扩增出506bp片段,对大肠杆菌等的扩增结果均为阴性。建立的多重PCR敏感度最低可检出6.6×10-6 ng。结论:该方法具有特异性高、敏感性好等特点,可用于奶牛结核分枝杆菌和非结核分枝杆菌的鉴别诊断。     

卡介苗菌株和结核分枝杆菌H37Ra菌株原生质体的制备研究

分别以卡介苗菌株(BCG)及结核分枝杆菌国际标准无毒株H37Ra菌株(H37Ra)为受体菌,制备上述两种菌株的原生质体,同时通过优化细菌菌龄、酶解浓度、酶解温度以及酶解时间等影响因素,探索出制备原生质体形成及再生的最优条件。结果显示:摸索出制备BCG和H37Ra菌株的原生质体条件:在对数生长期的两亲本菌株,经0.01 mol/L EDTA,0.01%β-巯基乙醇溶液预处理;酶解浓度为12 mg/mL,酶解温度为37℃,酶解时间为5 h,可制备出活性较高的两种菌株的原生质体。由此可知,成功制备了BCG与H37Ra菌株的原生质体,并能在高渗固体培养基上再生。本实验为进一步研究该两种菌株原生质体融合试验奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化

克隆表达结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因,序列测定正确后进行融合表达、纯化。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增了Rv1009编码基因,用限制性内切酶消化后插入到pGEM—Teasv中,序列测定正确后．再亚克隆到融合表达载体pPro—EX HT中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,目的基因经IPTG诱导,由T7启动子调控表达了氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv1009蛋白,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化。获得了结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Rv1009蛋白基因．得到融合6个组氨酸残基的Rv1009蛋白纯度大于80％。证实构建了结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因的重组表达载体,并获得了高纯度的融合表达蛋白．为以后的深入研究奠定了基础．     

结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因缺失突变菌株对感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的影响及其时相性变化

探讨结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因缺失突变菌株对感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的影响及其时相性变化。用激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测及鉴定结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,流式细胞术检测不同时期感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率,比较结核分枝杆菌Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株与正常株感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的时相性变化。激光共聚焦显微镜检测结果显示:结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株、结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株(△H37Rv)、卡介苗菌株(BCG)以及卡介苗株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株(△BCG)均被小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞大量吞噬。流式细胞技术检测结果显示:小鼠感染△H37Rv菌株后,巨噬细胞的凋亡率逐渐上升,至感染7d时达到高峰,随后逐渐降低,1～7d内,各时间段△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率均显著高于H37Rv感染组,9～11d内,△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率反而低于H37Rv菌株组,但13～15d内,△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率又呈现出比H37Rv感染组高的现象,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。△BCG组凋亡率1～7d内呈现明显下降趋势,7d后巨噬细胞凋亡率变化趋于平稳,且1～5d内,△BCG组凋亡率显著高于BCG组(P<0.05),7～15d内,△BCG组与BCG组巨噬细胞凋亡率无明显差异。结果表明:与结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株野生株相比,结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株在感染的早期和晚期对小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞有更强的致凋亡作用,而这种致凋亡作用与结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因的缺失相关,说明在结核分枝杆菌感染的早期和晚期,结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3的表达能够抑制宿主巨噬细胞的凋亡。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Ra FadD3基因克隆与表达研究

为探索FadD3在结核分枝杆菌胆固醇分解代谢中的作用,从结核分枝杆菌H37Ra的全基因组中克隆了FadD3基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21中表达.根据NCBI公布的结核分枝杆菌全基因组序列设计一对引物,PCR扩增FadD3基因.PCR扩增产物与克隆载体pGEM3Zf(+)进行拼接,得到重组基因FadD3-pGEM3Zf(+),再转化到大肠杆菌DH5ɑ得到克隆.PCR检测阳性克隆,再与表达载体pYUB28b拼接,得到重组质粒FadD3-pYUB28b.阳性重组质粒亚克隆到大肠杆菌BL21宿主菌进行自体诱导表达.经过表型筛选及鉴定分析,已成功构建了重组表达质粒FadD3-pYUB28b.SDS-PAGE和Western blotting证实,重组基因FadD3-pYUB28b在大肠杆菌BL21中有表达产物.实验结果表明,以pYUB28b为表达载体,FadD3重组基因在大肠杆菌表达体系于温度分别为18,28 ℃有包涵体形式的表达蛋白,在37 ℃无表达产物.     

表达HBHA和hIL-12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌对结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的免疫治疗作用

评价表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌用于结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的免疫治疗效果.结核分枝杆菌H37Rv感染小鼠4周后,用表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌免疫治疗,检测免疫小鼠肺部荷菌量和组织病理变化.重组耻垢分枝杆菌可有效控制感染小鼠肺部结核分枝杆菌的荷菌量,减轻病理损伤.但在降低肺部荷菌量方面不如化疗药物.表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌可有效控制结核分枝杆菌在小鼠体内的增殖,可能成为联合化疗药物控制结核病的有效候选疫苗.     

组蛋白H3K36位点甲基转移酶识别组蛋白底物的分子机制研究进展

组蛋白H3第36位赖氨酸的甲基化修饰在染色质上含量丰富,与活跃转录以及DNA损伤修复等重要生理过程相关．H3K36位点可以被一甲基化、二甲基化和三甲基化3种形式修饰,目前已知的负责组蛋白H3K36三甲基化修饰的人源蛋白是SETD2,负责组蛋白H3K36二甲基化修饰的酶包含NSD1、NSD2和NSD3和ASH1L共4名成员．这些H3K36甲基转移酶都具有非常特异的H3K36位点选择性,因此,对调控体内H3K36甲基化修饰的水平和分布十分重要．此外,它们的表达异常与人类的多种疾病相关．因此,解析组蛋白H3K36甲基转移酶识别并修饰组蛋白底物的分子机制,对揭示这些酶参与的表观遗传调控机制及其在体内的生理功能都具有十分重要的意义．早期的研究使得人们对组蛋白H3K36甲基转移酶催化底物的机制有了较深入的认识,但是由于解析的修饰酶与底物复合物的结构较少,对这些酶特异识别组蛋白底物分子机制的认识尚有很多不足．近年来,随着冷冻电镜技术的应用,H3K36甲基转移酶与核小体底物的复合物结构相继取得了突破,极大地推进了人们对这些酶识别并催化组蛋白底物分子机制的认识．本文以这几个组蛋白H3K36甲基转移酶为主要目标,对其分子机制的最新进展进行介绍总结．      

DNMT3L connects unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 to de novo methylation of DNA

Mammals use DNA methylation for the heritable silencing of retrotransposons and imprinted genes and for the inactivation of the X chromosome in females. The establishment of patterns of DNA methylation during gametogenesis depends in part on DNMT3L, an enzymatically inactive regulatory factor that is related in sequence to the DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B. The main proteins that interact in vivo with the product of an epitope-tagged allele of the endogenous Dnmt3L gene were identified by mass spectrometry as DNMT3A2, DNMT3B and the four core histones. Peptide interaction assays showed that DNMT3L specifically interacts with the extreme amino terminus of histone H3; this interaction was strongly inhibited by methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 but was insensitive to modifications at other positions. Crystallographic studies of human DNMT3L showed that the protein has a carboxy-terminal methyltransferase-like domain and an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Cocrystallization of DNMT3L with the tail of histone H3 revealed that the tail bound to the cysteine-rich domain of DNMT3L, and substitution of key residues in the binding site eliminated the H3 tail-DNMT3L interaction. These data indicate that DNMT3L recognizes histone H3 tails that are unmethylated at lysine 4 and induces de novo DNA methylation by recruitment or activation of DNMT3A2.     

Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases

The organization of chromatin into higher-order structures influences chromosome function and epigenetic gene regulation. Higher-order chromatin has been proposed to be nucleated by the covalent modification of histone tails and the subsequent establishment of chromosomal subdomains by non-histone modifier factors. Here we show that human SUV39H1 and murine Suv39h1--mammalian homologues of Drosophila Su(var)3-9 and of Schizosaccharomyces pombe clr4--encode histone H3-specific methyltransferases that selectively methylate lysine 9 of the amino terminus of histone H3 in vitro. We mapped the catalytic motif to the evolutionarily conserved SET domain, which requires adjacent cysteine-rich regions to confer histone methyltransferase activity. Methylation of lysine 9 interferes with phosphorylation of serine 10, but is also influenced by pre-existing modifications in the amino terminus of H3. In vivo, deregulated SUV39H1 or disrupted Suv39h activity modulate H3 serine 10 phosphorylation in native chromatin and induce aberrant mitotic divisions. Our data reveal a functional interdependence of site-specific H3 tail modifications and suggest a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of higher-order chromatin.     

Structural determinants for generating centromeric chromatin

Mammalian centromeres are not defined by a consensus DNA sequence. In all eukaryotes a hallmark of functional centromeres--both normal ones and those formed aberrantly at atypical loci--is the accumulation of centromere protein A (CENP-A), a histone variant that replaces H3 in centromeric nucleosomes. Here we show using deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry coupled with hydrodynamic measures that CENP-A and histone H4 form sub-nucleosomal tetramers that are more compact and conformationally more rigid than the corresponding tetramers of histones H3 and H4. Substitution into histone H3 of the domain of CENP-A responsible for compaction is sufficient to direct it to centromeres. Thus, the centromere-targeting domain of CENP-A confers a unique structural rigidity to the nucleosomes into which it assembles, and is likely to have a role in maintaining centromere identity.     

Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins

Distinct modifications of histone amino termini, such as acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation, have been proposed to underlie a chromatin-based regulatory mechanism that modulates the accessibility of genetic information. In addition to histone modifications that facilitate gene activity, it is of similar importance to restrict inappropriate gene expression if cellular and developmental programmes are to proceed unperturbed. Here we show that mammalian methyltransferases that selectively methylate histone H3 on lysine 9 (Suv39h HMTases) generate a binding site for HP1 proteins--a family of heterochromatic adaptor molecules implicated in both gene silencing and supra-nucleosomal chromatin structure. High-affinity in vitro recognition of a methylated histone H3 peptide by HP1 requires a functional chromo domain; thus, the HP1 chromo domain is a specific interaction motif for the methyl epitope on lysine9 of histone H3. In vivo, heterochromatin association of HP1 proteins is lost in Suv39h double-null primary mouse fibroblasts but is restored after the re-introduction of a catalytically active SWUV39H1 HMTase. Our data define a molecular mechanism through which the SUV39H-HP1 methylation system can contribute to the propagation of heterochromatic subdomains in native chromatin.     

Cloning and characterization of 37 kD laminin receptor precursor in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata

A 1063 bp cDNA clone encoding a putative 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor （37 kDa LRP） is isolated from the mantle tissue of pearl oyster, Pinctadafucata. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence is 301 residues long, with a calculated molecular mass of 33.5 kDa. RT-PCR analysis shows that 37 kDa LRP mRNA is especially highly expressed in the mantle while widely expressed in several tissues. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that 37 kDa LRP is expressed in the outer epithelial ceils of the mantle edge, suggesting its involvement in cell proliferation and secretion in P. fucata. The identification and characterization of 37 kDa LRP in the pearl oyster will help us to further understand the signal transduction in the processes of mantle epithelial cell proliferation and tissue formation.     

Cloning and characterization of 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata

A 1063 bp cDNA clone encoding a putative 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor (37 kDa LRP) is isolated from the mantle tissue of pearl oyster, Pinctadafucata. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence is 301 residues long, with a calculated molecular mass of 33.5 kDa. RT-PCR analysis shows that 37 kDa LRP mRNA is especially highly expressed in the mantle while widely expressed in several tissues. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that 37 kDa LRP is expressed in the outer epithelial cells of the mantle edge, suggesting its involvement in cell proliferation and secretion in P. Fucata. The identification and characterization of 37 kDa LRP in the pearl oyster will help us to further understand the signal transduction in the processes of mantle epithelial cell proliferation and tissue formation.