采用分数阶导数描述胶凝原油的流变模型

提出了采用分数阶导数的新流变模型理论来描述胶凝原油蠕变特性和动态粘弹特性的方法.由Maxwell体和分数阶导数的类Kelvin体组合建立了类Burgers体流变模型,并推导得到了分数阶导数类Burgers体的蠕变柔量表达式.试验验证了该模型能精确描述胶凝原油的蠕变过程,而经典的标准粘弹性固体模型和粘弹性流体模型都不能很好地拟合蠕变试验曲线.试验还验证了分数阶导数的类Kelvin体和类标准线性体都能精确描述胶凝原油的动态粘弹性能,而经典的标准粘弹性固体模型同样也不能很好地拟合动态粘弹试验曲线.     

采用分数阶导数描述胶凝原油的流变模型

提出了采用分数阶导数的新流变模型理论来描述胶凝原油蠕变特性和动态粘弹特性的方法.由Maxwell体和分数阶导数的类Kelvin体组合建立了类Burgers体流变模型,并推导得到了分数阶导数类Burgers体的蠕变柔量表达式.试验验证了该模型能精确描述胶凝原油的蠕变过程,而经典的标准粘弹性固体模型和粘弹性流体模型都不能很好地拟合蠕变试验曲线.试验还验证了分数阶导数的类Kelvin体和类标准线性体都能精确描述胶凝原油的动态粘弹性能,而经典的标准粘弹性固体模型同样也不能很好地拟合动态粘弹试验曲线.     

含热传导效应粘弹性板耦合非线性动力分析模型

基于薄板大挠度Karman理论和用Boltzmann叠加原理描述的粘弹性材料本构方程、动力学平衡方程和热粘弹能量原理建立了横向周期荷载、面内均布荷载和温度场作用下,考虑热传导效应的粘弹性矩形板的热机耦合非线性动力学模型,并用Galerkin方法将该热机耦合非线性动力学模型转化为非线性微分．积分动力系统．且该热机耦合非线性动力学模型可以退化为粘弹性板动力学模型、仅含热膨胀效应粘弹性板动力学模型和热机耦合弹性板动力学模型．     

一种软岩流变模型

为了描述工程软岩的复杂流变特性,提出了2种非线性元件——蠕变体(CYJ体)和裂隙塑性体(L体).并将它们和描述衰减蠕变特性的开尔文体(K体)、描述瞬弹性的虎克体(H体)及圣文南体(S体)相结合,得到了一种新的复合流变力学模型,并推导了其流变本构方程;讨论了该复合模型在恒应力条件下的蠕变特性及恒加载速率下的流变效应.研究结果表明:该模型不但能描述软岩在低应力时的弹性和粘弹性(稳定蠕变),而且能描述软岩在较高应力时的弹性、塑性、粘弹性和粘塑性(不稳定蠕变).     

蠕变理论中的积分算子计算方法

本文介绍了比较适于描述岩石随时间变形性态的所谓流变模型,推导出这些流变模型本构方程的微分表达式.详细介绍了各种积分算子符号及其相互间的关系,并以凯尔文流变模型本构方程的微分表达式为例,叙述了微分表达式转化为积分表达式的过程,阐明了解粘弹性理论问题时常用的积分算子方法的理论基础和积分算子运算方法.     

CO2泡沫压裂液两相流流动特性的试验研究

通过大型高参数泡沫压裂液试验回路首次详细研究了实际压裂条件下CO2泡沫压裂液的流变特性,得出了实际压裂条件下CO2泡沫压裂液流变参数的计算关联式,从而为低渗油气藏泡沫压裂技术的有效实施提供了试验依据.研究表明:在实际施工条件下,CO2泡沫压裂液具有剪切稀化性质,可用幂律模型来描述;其有效粘度随剪切速率、温度的增高而减小,随压力、泡沫质量的增大而增大;相对而言,温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响比压力的影响明显,在该试验范围内,温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响呈指数规律变化.     

修正的广义开尔文粘弹塑性岩石本构模型变形参数特性研究

广义开尔文流变模型被广泛应用于描述岩质边坡开挖过程中岩体的粘弹性变形分析.由于岩质边坡在开挖过程中岩体的变形是粘弹性和塑性变形综合作用的结果,因此广义开尔文流变模型不能较好地表达岩质边坡在开挖过程中的变形.文章针对岩质边坡在开挖过程中边坡岩体表现出来明显的粘弹塑性变形特征,采用FLAC3D数值软件对符合修正的广义开尔文粘弹塑性本构模型的岩石试件进行单轴压缩数值试验,获得该粘弹塑性本构模型变形参数的基本特性,为岩质边坡开挖岩体粘弹塑性本构模型的选择提供参考.     

流变荷载试验曲线的模型识别及其应用

基于粘弹性理论,建立了流变荷载试验的Maxwell、广义Kelvin和Burgers3种流变模型的位移反演模式,并给出了根据现场试验流变曲线进行流变模型识别的简便方法。分析了岩体流变荷载试验曲线,给出了能反映试验区域内岩体变形规律的最佳流变模型,反演获得了试验区域内岩体的瞬时弹性模量、长期弹性模量、粘弹性模量和粘弹性系数。结果表明,描述试验点岩体在不同荷载级别情况下的最佳流变模型均为广义Kelvin模型,但其弹性模量有所差异,其量值范围为4194～5235MPa,平均弹性模量为4900.316MPa;平均长期弹性模量为3081.65MPa。计算表明所建立的反演公式是正确的,模型及参数识别过程简便、实用。     

考虑流变特性改变的水力压裂管内摩阻计算模型研究

水力压裂管内摩阻的准确计算是确定井底压力和地层破裂压力的关键。压裂过程中由于压裂液与地层之间的热交换,压裂液的流动温度会发生明显变化;而温度的改变会影响压裂液的流变特性,使得不同深度处单位长度流体流动摩阻发生改变。通过建立油管注液过程管内流体温度分布数学模型,得到了不同油管注入排量下管内液体温度沿井深的分布。结合温度对压裂液流动特性的影响实验,考虑压裂液流性指数和稠度系数沿井深的变化,建立了压裂过程中管内流动摩阻的分段计算模型。通过与现场实测摩阻数据对比,模型与传统不考虑压裂液流变特性改变的摩阻力计算模型相比更为符合工程实际。     

C02泡沫压裂液两相流流动特性的试验研究

通过大型高参数泡沫压裂液试验回路首次详细研究了实际压裂条件下CO2泡沫压裂液的流变特性，得出了实际压裂条件下C02泡沫压裂液流变参数的计算关联式，从而为低渗油气藏泡沫压裂技术的有效实施提供了试验依据。研究表明：在实际施工条件下，CO2泡沫压裂液具有剪切稀化性质，可用幂律模型来描述；其有效粘度随剪切速率、温度的增高而减小，随压力、泡沫质量的增大而增大；相对而言，温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响比压力的影响明显，在该试验范围内，温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响呈指数规律变化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.