Interpreting grain-size trends associated with bedload transport on the intertidal flats at Dafeng, central Jiangsu coast

IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY THE NET SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAY BECAUSE OF THE COMPLICATED HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT SOURCES. GAO AND COLLINS HAVE RE-EXAMINED A 1-D MODEL ORIGI- NALLY DERIVED BY MCLAREN AND BOWLES AND DEVE…     

Study of CH4 and CO oxidation from electrochemical method

THE TWO FACTORS USED FOR EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF CATALYST ARE I) THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE SITE PARTICIPATING IN THE REACTION, I.E. THE AREA OF REDOX PEAKS; AND II) THE REGENERATION FREQUENCY OF ACTIVE SITE IN THE REACTION, I.E. THE MATCH OF REDOX POTENTIALS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH FACTOR HAS ITS OWN STRONG POINT IN DIFFERENT REACTIONS, WHILE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV) IS A SUITA…     

Suspended particulate matter in Jiaozhou Bay： Properties and variations in response to hydrodynamics and pollution

Based on water samples collected and observations of currents, tidal levels as well as turbidities taken, respectively over a period of 15 and 7 d, in southwestern Jiaozhou Bay on August, 2001, it was found that: ( i ) the average content of non mineral component amounted to 87% of the suspended sediment matter (SPM) in Jiaozhou Bay,much higher than in estuaries and bays where turbidity is high and mineral particulates dominates; (ii) in contrast to high turbid bays, SPM was generally coarser than bed deposits and in upper water column than in lower water column in Jiaozhou Bay; (iii) in fair weathers, suspended sediment concentration (SPC) varied regularly within tidal cycles and neap-spring cycles, but the regularity was deformed in storms; and (iv) SPC was controlled by settling/resuspension near the bed and by advection at the surface at the study site with a depth of 20 m, suggesting weak vertical exchanges. It was concluded that SPM property of a low turbid bay is sensitive to pollution, and that the maintenance of low turbidity in the bay depends on less SPM supply, low waves and currents, and controlling on discharge of particulate pollutants.     

洋山深水港海域悬沙浓度时空变化及其动力原因

洋山港海域是多岛屿、多汊道,由大、小洋山两条岛链围成的喇叭口型的海域,是以落潮流为主、含沙量高、潮流强的潮汐水道,泥沙运动主要以悬沙为主.通道内潮流基本为WNW ESE向往复流,潮流平均流速在1.0 m/s,最大流速都在2.0 m/s以上,含沙量在1.0 kg/m3以上.根据该海域不同时期实测含沙量资料,分析了洋山港海域悬沙浓度的时空分布格局,并讨论了其分布变化的原因,包括长江口和杭州湾泥沙扩散对洋山港海域泥沙环境的影响、潮差的影响以及“峡道效应”对洋山港高含沙量的形成.     

长江口启海港枯季悬沙浓度的特征分析

分析2012年枯季启海港海域的实测水文泥沙数据,得到如下结论：该港区海域的悬沙浓度与流速成正相关关系;悬沙浓度的峰值一般出现涨、落急后。港区海域悬沙浓度在垂向上分布为：斜线型、准直线型和混合型,近岸水域的泥沙在中上层运动紊乱,离岸水域的泥沙紊乱则集中在下层。盐度对泥沙的再悬浮作用起一定作用,在流速较大时,底部悬沙浓度变化幅度很小,最大含沙量出现在中层。     

没冒沙水域水沙运动特性及筑库工程对其影响

以多年数据资料,特别是最新的2003年9月,12月洪枯季和2004年1月枯季南槽没冒沙水域以及邻近水域各定点观测水沙数据资料为基础,采用水文学、泥沙运动力学和数理统计的方法对没冒沙水域的水沙特性进行了分析.结果表明,该水域落潮流速大于涨潮流速,落潮历时比涨潮历时长;净水量向外海,呈落潮流优势;含沙量普遍较高,大潮平均含沙量1.40 kg/m3,小潮平均含沙量0.60 kg/m3,洪季含沙量比枯季高,洪季大潮涨潮含沙量比落潮高,小潮则相反;枯季不论大小潮,一般都是落潮含沙量大于涨潮含沙量;含沙量垂向梯度的大小潮变化、洪枯季变化和涨落潮变化明显.并且用水流连续方程和拟合挟沙力公式推算了水库工程建设后水流流速和含沙量的变化,估计将对南槽产生一定影响.      

长江口南支分流分沙比观测与分析

2007年2月在长江口南支进行沉积动力学参数的全潮观测,以获取枯季期间南北槽、南北港的分流分沙特征．结果表明,多数站位涨潮流速大于落潮流速,涨潮历时小于落潮历时,涨潮悬沙浓度大于落潮悬沙浓度,这种涨落潮不对称效应主要与径流作用和潮波变形有关．悬沙浓度与流速也有一定的相关关系,表明再悬浮作用较为显著．从净泄水量看,北港大于南港,南槽大于北槽,形成由陆向海输运的格局．输沙量则为由海向陆,尤以南槽和南港为最大,加之河流上游亦有来沙,最终在南支拦门沙附近海域形成较为显著的淤积状态．     

Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu,China

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses     

伶仃洋西槽洪季水沙纵向输移机制研究

根据2003年实测数据,运用物质纵向输移模式计算了丰水大潮期伶仃洋西槽的水量和泥沙纵向输移量,研究了伶仃洋西槽洪季水沙纵向输移机制及水量输移特征,并针对泥沙输移特征,用底层流速和含沙量的相位变化以及表底层盐度的变化对悬沙输移机制进行了分析.结果表明:伶仃洋西槽垂向环流发育,泥沙输移特征明显;径流、潮流变形以及盐淡水异重流是形成西槽水量输移的主要原因;潮流不对称性和底层泥沙再悬浮对潮汐捕集输沙的贡献明显,盐淡水混合和纵向水体梯度对垂向净环流输沙的贡献明显.     

甬江和口外金塘水道水沙特性及悬沙输移分析

根据甬江和口外金塘水道2010年7月实测水文泥沙资料,对水动力、泥沙特性和悬沙输移进行了分析。结果表明,在甬江口及其附近水域潮差较小,潮流强,呈往复流;甬江河道自上游向下游含沙量逐渐增大,金塘水道北部水域含沙量大于南部水域,泥沙主要来自北部的长江口及杭州湾。     

辐射沙洲西洋水道激流特征及成因分析

利用1980年和2001年的激流资料和2008年新测的激流水沙资料,对辐射沙洲西洋水道激流特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明:(1)激流具有流速特别大、流向变化小及各层水体含沙量与流速响应良好的特征;(2)一方面,西洋水道喇叭口状的特殊地形易产生涌潮现象,但激流时刻未出现异常潮位变化;另一方面,激流各层流速和含沙量均同时突增,其中底层流速最大为3.71 m/s,最大含沙量为14.94 kg/m3,而风应力不可能使近10 m深的底层海流产生如此大的流速并获得掀起大量底层泥沙的巨大能量,且相邻测站未同时测得激流,故假潮和风应力均不是激流的必要成因,今后应从潮流的辐合和特殊的地形条件两方面进一步探讨激流现象的形成机制.     

平潭竹屿湾潮流泥沙运动特征的数值模拟分析

基于非结构网格FVCOM模型构建平潭竹屿湾潮流泥沙计算模型,开展竹屿湾附近海域潮汐潮流、悬浮泥沙输运模拟计算,分析其潮流泥沙的运动特征。模型计算结果显示,海坛海峡内潮波为前进波,潮流与潮位变化同步,但竹屿湾内的潮波为驻波;海坛海峡内大潮、小潮期间垂线平均悬浮泥沙浓度差别较小;现状条件下海床的年最大冲刷强度约为10 cm·a-1。实测数据与模拟计算结果的对比研究表明,模型可以较好地模拟竹屿湾附近潮汐潮流和泥沙的运动特征;竹屿湾海床总体稳定,可能是周围工程建设和人工采砂导致竹屿湾海床局部发生冲淤。     

Sediment resuspension in the Lake Taihu, China

The Lake Taihu is a large shallow lake in eastern China, with a surface area of 2338 km2, catchments of 36500 km2 and mean depth of 1.9-2.0 m [1]. It is fre-quently influenced by winds and therefore wind-gen- erated waves. The bottom sediment can be resus…     

辐射沙洲东大港潮流水道悬沙输移机制分析

以东大港潮流水道4号站位的水、沙实测资料为例,利用悬沙通量机制分解法、功率谱分析法,对东大港潮流水道悬沙输移的动力机制进行分析探讨.结果表明,悬沙净输移以平流作用占优,“潮泵效应”项在悬沙输移中也相当重要;潮流流速是水体含沙量变化及悬沙输移的主要动力因素.     

磨刀门水道枯季底边界层的泥沙交换过程

河口底边界层细颗粒泥沙运动往往受边界层内多种尺度的动力过程影响而变得十分复杂。由此,基于座底支架上的ADV与OBS,于2010年枯季在珠江磨刀门水道分别进行大、中、小潮的底边界层观测,对磨刀门水道底边界层湍流动力特征与小尺度泥沙交换过程进行研究。结果表明:悬沙有效沉速、床面切应力与底床侵蚀率的变化范围随着潮差的增大而增大;底床侵蚀率与平均流速变化规律相似,当流速小于0.3 m/s时,侵蚀率基本保持在0.002 kg/m2左右,流速超过此临界值时,床面泥沙发生再悬浮。悬沙和床沙交换过程随着潮差增大而增强,且落潮时段强于涨潮时段。     

Sediment dynamic responses of coastal salt marsh to typhoon “KAEMI” in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian Province, China

−In order to understand the mechanisms of coastal protection by salt marshes during typhoon events, in situ measurements of water level, tidal current speed and direction, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were carried out using Electromagnetic Current Meter (EMCM, AEM HR), miniature pressure sensor (MkV/D) and Seapoint Turbidity Meter (STM) sensor on a tidal flat in Quanzhou Bay, during the period when the typhoon “KAEMI” was passing through the region. The analysis of the data obtained shows that the near-bed current speed within the Spartina alterniflora marsh was generally below 5 cm s⁻¹, which was apparently smaller than on the adjacent bare flat (i.e. 5―30 cm s⁻¹). The change in the near-bed current speed in response to the typhoon event was not significant within the S. alterniflora marsh, but the current direction was influenced by the typhoon. The effect of the typhoon on the SSC was highly significant, with the SSC reaching 13 to 19 times the values on the bare flat or within the marsh under fair weather conditions; the near-bed SSC within the marsh was higher than on the bare flat, after the typhoon landed. The near-bed suspended sediment fluxes within the marsh and on the bare flat during the typhoon event were both enhanced, i.e., 4 times larger than under fair weather conditions. During the ebb, the bottom shear stress on the bare flat exceeded the critical shear stress for sediment motion for most of the ebb duration of the tide and, therefore, the bed sediment was eroding, with the erosion flux after the typhoon landed being around 2 to 3 times the value associated with fair weather conditions. In contrast, within the S. alterniflora marsh, the bottom shear stress was mostly lower than the critical shear stress for sediment motion, or lower than the critical shear stress for the maintenance of suspension; hence, the marsh surface was dominated by settling processes, with a settling flux during the typhoon being 3 to 6 times compared with the fair weather situations. The settling flux during the ebb was up to twice the magnitude for the flood. The comparison of sediment dynamic processes between the S. alterniflora marsh and the bare flat demonstrates that during the typhoon event the bare flat was dominated by erosion, whilst the presence of S. alterniflora favored the accretion of suspended sediment.     

水沙交界面冲刷与淤积的同步性探讨

在悬沙与底床泥沙的交换过程中,冲刷的同时是否伴随着悬沙的淤积,这对于了解水沙交界面泥沙通量至关重要,冲刷和淤积的具体过程值得进一步探讨。本文分析总结了几个系列实验,包括经典的Krone、Mehta、Partheniades等的实验,并从近底泥沙通量的几个不同提法出发,分析各自所描述的冲刷和淤积过程,结合Sanford等在一些河口、海湾的分析,认为近底水沙交界面附近,不论非粘性粗颗粒泥沙还是粘性细颗粒泥沙,冲刷和淤积同时发生。利用再悬浮过程解释细颗粒泥沙冲刷与淤积过程同时发生的问题,从而进一步完善近底泥沙交换现象的物理图谱。     

银洲湖水域强潮河段悬移质输运模型

利用平面二维水动力及泥沙输运模型、有限元法对银洲湖及邻近水域内的悬沙输运、流速分布、水流平面形态等进行了数值模拟计算.其中黏性泥沙输运模型考虑侵蚀和沉积剪切应力.计算结果与实测结果比较表明:银洲湖水域的潮流大体上呈现沿航道南北向的往复流,径流和潮流是银洲湖水域的主要动力因素,细颗粒悬浮泥沙输运是该水域泥沙的主要运动形式;平面二维水动力及泥沙输运模型能较好地复演银洲湖水域的潮流泥沙场,可用于实际工程潮流泥沙场的计算.     

长江口北槽悬沙输移机理分析

运用通量机制分解法对长江口北槽深水航道的实测水文泥沙资料进行了分析,将悬沙通量分解成了8个动力项,从平流输沙、潮泵效应输沙和垂向净环流输沙三方面综合分析了长江口北槽的悬沙输移特征。研究结果表明:在水文资料实测年份时,北槽输沙主要来源于上游来沙;平流输沙项占总体净输沙的比重最大;潮泵输沙所占比例较小;航道内的各测点的垂向净环流输沙主要受欧拉余流控制;深水区悬沙含量垂向变化明显,河口浅水区,表底余流方向不同,垂向净环流输沙作用增强。     

黄河泥沙含量对磷迁移过程的影响研究

磷是我国河流主要污染物质之一,泥沙含量对磷的迁移过程具有重要影响,但针对磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制理解尚不完全．黄河作为典型的高含沙量和高磷负荷河流,对于磷在河流介质的迁移过程具有重要研究意义．在2019 年10 月份选取黄河沿程18 个水样采集点位和2 个沉积柱采集点位,对水样含沙量、总磷含量（TP）和沉积物样磷形态含量（Ca-P、Fe/Al-P、OP）进行测量,结合2000—2019 年黄河主要水文站实测输沙量、含沙量、泥沙粒径数据进行分析．从时空尺度上,尽管中游河段输沙量近20 年呈显著下降趋势,但下游输沙量仍保持稳定,下游前段水体含沙量呈上升趋势．将水体含沙量与TP 含量进行协同分析,下游河段水体含沙量同TP 含量呈相反变化规律．对泥沙粒径进行分析,冲刷作用导致较大粒径沉积物再悬浮,这一过程对磷的迁移具有重要影响．对沉积物磷形态进行分析,IP 为黄河流域沉积物磷主要赋存形态,Ca-P 是IP 的主要赋存形态．研究认为,当流速慢时,水体泥沙含量低,沉积物再悬浮作用弱,Fe/Al-P 在沉积物-水界面迁移. 当流速快时,水体泥沙含量高,沉积物再悬浮作用强,下游地区沉积物和悬浮颗粒物成为磷汇．