The magnetic properties of Serbian loess and its environmental significance

This paper reports a loess-paleosol sequence located in the Danube River basin,Serbia,which formed at least since the latest part of the early Pleistocene,and before the paleomagnetic B/M boundary.Various magnetic parameters of the Serbian V-L1-V-S4 loess-paleosol sequence have been measured and analyzed in the Titel Loess Plateau.These parameters show a very similar magnetic behavior compared with that of the Chinese loess.There is a general positive relationship between magnetic susceptibility() and pedogenesis.The main contributors to are the magnetic grains of SP(superparamagnetic) and SD(single domain) magnetic domains,while MD(multi domain) contributes only a small percentage.The difference in between loess and paleosol mainly is caused by pedogenesis.The very fine magnetic minerals increase gradually with increasing soil development(from loess to soil),and they lead to higher.The thermomagnetic curves show thatmagnetic minerals in the loess layers are magnetite and maghemite,both providing a major contribution to.In contrast the paleosol layers mainly are composed of magnetite,with almost no or a very small amount of maghemite,as implied by a reversible thermomagnetic behavior.This indicates that pedogenic conditions during V-S3 and V-S4 strong soil development have resulted in maghemite that is no longer stable,and has been resolved or converted to other stable phase minerals.This likely indicates that soil moisture during V-S3 and V-S4 development exceeded a critical condition of maghemite stability.     

Use of environmental magnetic measurements to characterize and correlate tephra-A case study in Iceland

A set of environmental magnetic parameters(i.e. magnetic susceptibility, xARM, IRMs, hysteresis loops and thermomagnetic curves) has been applied to two soil sections from SE Iceland. Results demonstrate that the main magnetic minerals in the tephras are ferrimagnetic minerals (e.g.magnetite) and canted antiferromagnetic minerals (e.g.haematite), with abundant paramagnetic material also present. Cross plots of Mrs/Ms vs. (B0)cr/(B0)c and xfd% vs.xARM/SIRM indicate that the main magnetic grain sizes in tephras are pseudo single domain (PSD) and multidomain(MD). Initial correlation of tephra layers was achieved, usingall the measured magnetic parameters, by use of the multi-variate statistical measures of Similarity Coefficient (SC) andEuclidean Distance (ED). This demonstrates that magnetictechniques can potentially assist in the identification andcorrelation of distal tephra.     

Partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization (pARM) of synthetic single-and multidomain magnetites and its paleoenvironmental significance

Mineral magnetism is an inexpensive, efficient and non-destructive tool to decode paleoclimatic signals re- corded in natural sediments. However, this approach has often been hampered by its inherent complexities because the bulk magnetic signals could be contributed from a magnetic assemblage including both ferromagnetic (FM) (e.g., magnetite and/or maghemite) and antiferromagnetic minerals (AFM) (e.g., hematite and/or goethite) covering a wide range of grain size distribution. Therefore, t…     

Mineral magnetic properties of surface sediments at Bei’anhe, Beijing, and its environmental significance

A multiparameter investigation of surface sediments from the Bei＇anhe section （Beijing） has been conducted using environmental magnetic approaches. The studied sedimentary sequence consists of pluvial and lacustrine silts and clay of the Holocene age. Magnetite, hematite and pyrrhotite were identiffed as the dominant magnetic minerals. The mineral magnetic characteristics are considered to reflect the Holocene paleoenvironmental processes of the studied area, which are different from the mineral magnetic properties of typical polluted sections reported in the Beijing area. The low-field magnetic susceptibility and saturated isothermal remanence magnetization of the section decrease gradually with increasing depth. This indicates that the concentration of magnetic minerals in the strata decreases down the section. Values of interparametric ratios, such as ARM/SIRM, XARM/Xand SIRM/X, gradually increase with increasing depth, which indicates a down-section decreasing trend in the magnetic grain size of the sediments. Pyrrhotite occurs below the depth of 22 cm, suggesting the existence of redox interface. The magnetic variations of the Bei＇anhe surface sediments might be controlled by two geological processes： reductive diagenesis and pedogenesis. Our findings may have provided a reference point for magnetic investigation of polluted surface sediments in the Beijing area.     

Identification of the thick-layer greigite in sediments of the South Yellow Sea and its geological significances

Magnetic minerals in sediments of the continental shelf are sensitive to environmental changes. Therefore, to determine the exact phases of magnetic minerals is the prerequisite to investigate the paleoenvironmental significances. In this study, a comprehensive rock magnetic investigation, coupled with mineralogical studies, was carried out on the long core NHH01 （with a length of 125.64 m） from the central continental shelf of the South Yellow Sea. Single-domain greigite was identified as the dominant magnetic carrier in sediments between 44.90 and 51.80 m, and terrigenous magnetite is the major magnetic phase in the adjacent layers. The existence of greigite unambiguously indicates an anoxic environment. We tentatively interpreted that such an environment could be formed by the fast sea level changes, longexisting of the cold eddies during warm stages, or in a lake which might be related to locally tectonic uplifting. Therefore, the occurrence of the thicklayer greigite could supply a new perspective to paleoenvironmental or even tectonic studies.     

Magnetic properties of different grain-sized particles of sediments from the Okinawa Trough and their relationships to sedimentary environment

Multiple magnetic parameters were measured for nine different grain-sized fractions separated from the sediment samples that are representatives of four different sedimentary environments of the Okinawa Trough. Based on the measured results, the contributions of different grain-sized particles to total magnetic susceptibility of bulk sediments, the magnetic mineral assemblage and magnetic domain state as well as their relationships to sedimentary environment were discussed. Our research shows that the magnetic mineral is dominated by magnetite with a small amount of hematite and is primarily in pseudo-single-domain state. That indicates that the different sedimentary environments in the Okinawa Trough have certain correlation in material provenance. The magnetic minerals enrich in different grain-sized particles in response to different sedimentary environments. The contribution of the grain sizes from coarse to fine to coarse and fine to the magnetic susceptibility from the west to the east is in accordance with terrigenous material transportation from continental shelf of the East China Sea to the Okinawa Trough. It also shows difference in magnetic properties as a result of some environmental factors.     

Magnetic characteristics and its environmental implications of core YSJD-86GC sediments from the southern South China Sea

Sediments of core YSJD-86GC （referred to as 86GC） collected from the southern South China Sea were selected for environmental magnetic studies. Combined with the published chronological framework, sediment magnetic properties were revealed for the study area since the MIS3 stage. The rock magnetic results indicate that low-coercivity magnetite is the main magnetic mineral within the sediments. Also, a certain amounts of hematite are present. The King plot and Day plot, which reflect the magnetic particle size, show that fine-grained pseudo-sin- gle-domain phase magnetic particles dominate the magnetic minerals in the sediments. Comparison of magnetic parameters and geochemical indicators show that magnetic properties of core 86GC sediments reflect a terrigenous input. Simultaneously, magnetic characteristics of the stud- ied sediment are influenced by the quantity of terrigenous sediment input, oxidation-reduction conditions of the provenance area, and the transportation environment and distance. Sea level fluctuation caused by global climate change was the main factor for variation in concentration of magnetic minerals and magnetic particle size of thestudied core sediments. Thus, variation of sediment magnetic properties in the study area can be used as an indirect indicator of sea level fluctuation.     

Continuous lobe reconnection in the mid-tail and its relationship to substorms： Cluster observations of continuous lobe reconnection in the mid-magneto tail

When the IMF turns southward, a great amount of magnetic energy is stored in the magnetotail, and the electric field across the magnetotail substantially enhances. As long as magnetic reconnection （MR） in the magnetotail initiates and continues, the magnetic field and plasma in the central plasma sheet are carried away to the near-Earth and down to the tail, the magnetic field and plasma in the lobe region enter the CPS and are involved in MR. We call this process “Continuous Lobe Reconnection （CLR）”. In this paper a detailed analysis of Cluster observation of MR through 2001--2003 is made. Plenty of CLR events are found that led to considerable changes of tail configuration, appearance of BBF, as well as large-scale bubbles in which both plasma temperature and number density substantially decrease. It is shown that in general CLR events last for dozens of minutes and have good correspondence to substorm initiation under the condition of continuous southward IMF.     

Effects of the grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite: constraints from micromagnetic modeling

Magnetite is the most important magnetic mineral in paleomagnetism. Its magnetic properties are controlled by many factors, such as grain size distribution, shape and interactions. Traditional rock magnetic experiments, however, have great difficulty in decoupling the effects of these parameters. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of grain size distribution on magnetic properties of magnetite powders by using a micromagnetic method. The particle geometries used in the micromagnetic model were based on the grain size distribution observed in a synthetic magnetite powder. The simulated hysteresis parameters agree well with the experimental measurements and provide clear microstructures of the magnetic remanence. Our results show that grain size plays a more important role in affecting hysteresis parameters of magnetite assemblages than shape under effects of interactions. Uniform or vortex superstates formed by two or more particles are found and display different stabilities of magnetic recording in assemblages. Some domain structures of single-domain （SD） particles are reversed as the applied field decreases to zero. Small pseudo-single-domain particles behave as SD structures and may dominate the magnetic recordings. In all, micromagnetic modeling of grain size distributions provide a better understanding of magnetic assemblages consisting of nanoscale particles.     

Spatial and temporal variation in magnetic properties of street dust in Lanzhou City, China

Urban environmental problems are of increasing concern. Lanzhou is a large industrial city in Northwest China. Street dust samples representing different temporal and spatial scales were collected for magnetic properties study. Magnetic measurements indicate a high concentration of magnetic minerals in Lanzhou street dust, dominated by pseudo-single domain （PSD） magnetite. The concentration of magnetic materials is distinctly high in winter and spring, low in autumn. Similarly, higher concentrations associated with heavy industry, concentrated residential development, and vehicular traffic suggest mixed contributions of magnetic material from both anthropogenic and natural sources. XIf and SOFT% are effective magnetic parameters that denote seasonal differences among magnetic properties in street dust, convenient and economical methods for monitoring street dust pollution.     

Magnetic records of Core MD77-181 in the Bay of Bengal and their paleoenvironmental implications

Located in the low latitude region of the northeastern Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal represents one of the largest marginal seas in the world. The Bengal Fan hosts erosional products mostly from Himalayas and is under the influence of the Indian monsoon system. The Bengal Fan has thus been one of the ideal places for studying the uplift of the Tibet Plateau and the history of the Indian monsoon[1―8]. The intensity of the Indian monsoon is controlled by secular variations in insola- ti…     

含磁性非磁性金属插入层磁隧道结的隧穿特性研究

讨论了一种新型FM1/NM/FM/I/FM2磁性隧道结,该隧道结结构可获得高质量的I层,从而具有重要的应用价值.利用Slonezewski的自由电子模型和转移矩阵方法,对这种隧道结中的隧穿电导(TC)和隧穿磁电阻(TMR)与NM、FM层的厚度以及和势垒高度的关系进行了研究.同时还通过和FM1/NM/I/FM2型隧道结的相应结果的比较讨论了FM层在FM1/NM/FM/I/FM2磁性隧道结中的作用.     

恒定磁场对神经元延迟整流钾通道特性的影响

为了研究中等强度恒定磁场（静磁场）对神经细胞离子通道特性的影响,利用线圈及磁铁产生3mT、30mT和100mT的恒定磁场,作用于急性分离的小鼠额叶皮层锥体神经元,应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究其延迟整流钾通道特性．实验发现,中等强度恒定磁场使神经细胞延迟整流钾通道电流峰值减小．磁场作用可显著改变激活过程,使激活曲线的半数激活电压和斜率因子发生改变．结果表明,3mT、30mT和100mT恒定磁场可改变神经元延迟整流钾通道特性,从而影响神经元的生理功能．     

东鞍山贫铁矿石磁选预富集行为

针对东鞍山贫铁矿石(Fe质量分数34.60%)中含有赤铁矿、磁铁矿和少量的菱铁矿,提出了一种弱磁粗选-高梯度扫选的预富集工艺,并借助XRD、铁的化学物相分析及扫描电镜(SEM)考察了磁场强度和原料磨矿细度对东鞍山铁矿石预富集行为的影响.结果表明,在磨矿细度-0.074mm占70%(质量分数)、弱磁粗选磁场强度120mT、高梯度扫选Ⅰ磁场强度300mT及高梯度扫选Ⅱ磁场强度800mT的条件下,可获得Fe质量分数42.67%、回收率95.45%的预富集精矿;磁铁矿富集于弱磁粗选作业中,赤铁矿和菱铁矿在高梯度扫选作业中得到有效富集,尾矿中丢失的铁矿物主要为微细粒赤铁矿(＜10μm),由于受到的磁性捕获力弱而无法得到回收.     

Magnetic Properties of Soils of the Ljubljana Basin Chronosequence, Slovenia

Pedogenic processes can explain the trends in magnetic susceptibility and soil magnetic mineralogy of the Ljubljana Basin chronosequence. The chronosequence formed in predominantly carbonate sandy gravel outwash terraces ranging from 5 to 1800 ka. Magnetic susceptibility enhancement can be attributed to the formation of secondary superparamagnetic (SP) and single domain (SD) ferrimagnetic minerals in eluvial horizons. Magnetic minerals that form in illuvial horizons are predominantly antiferromagnetic. Downward migration of pedogenic iron compounds with clay (formation of ferri-argillans) causes thickening of the enhanced zone with soil age. In contrast to other published soil chronosequence studies, magnetic susceptibility values do not increase with soil-age (duration of pedogenesis). Nevertheless, frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility (FD%) and indices such as maximum eluvial magnetic susceptibility (MS) divided by minimum illuvial MS (Max. E / Min. IX_(lf) and maximum eluvial MS minus minimum illuvial MS (Max. E -Min. IX_(lf)) increase with the logarithm of soil age suggesting that the magnetic mineral transformations continue with time, but that their rate decreases. These indices are useful for comparisons, and may be useful for age correlations. Hypothesis that magnetic susceptibility enhancement and precipitation have a positive correlation seems to be valid until the precipitation exceeds the critical value of 100-150 cm/year. The critical value in different settings may depend on the temperature regime and on the yearly distribution of precipitation.     

磁场处理对番茄种子活力及苗期长势的影响

研究了磁场处理番茄种子及育苗用营养土对种子活力、苗期长势的影响,结果表明,湿种子经磁场处理后,种子活力明显提高,根据种子活力及苗期长势初步确定番茄种子量侍者处理磁场的磁感应强度为２００ｍＴ和３００ｍＴ,处理时间１０ｍｉｎ,育苗土经磁场蝗对苗期长势同样具有明显的促进作用。     

Effects of low-temperature oxidation on natural remanent magnetization of Chinese loess

This study systematically investigates changes in both compositions and grain-sizes of magnetic minerals in the Chinese loess/paleosol samples (Yichuan, China) during thermal demagnetization processes. Between 100 and 200℃, (1) H_c and H_cr significantly decrease while M_rs and M_s remain stable; (2) concentration of the multi-domain (MD) grains increases while that of superparamagnetic (SP) grains decreases; and (3) there exists the abnormal behavior of the thermal demagnetization in the natural remanent magnetization (NRM). In addition, the corresponding changes in all these parameters are gradually muted with the increase of the pedogenesis degree. The results indicate that the observed alteration probably relates to reducing processes caused by the burning of the organic matter in samples. Before the thermal treatment, the MD grains in loess samples had been partially altered in nature by low-temperature oxidization (LTO). This CRM can be sufficiently attenuated or even removed by the reducing process between 100 and 200℃ during the thermal treatment and has no apparent harmful effects on the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) between 300 and 500℃.