应用超临界流体技术制备聚苯胺/聚氨酯导电复合材料

采用超临界流体技术和原位聚合法合成了聚苯胺-聚氨酯导电复合材料.本法由超临界流体插嵌技术向聚氨酯基体树脂中引入苯胺单体和后期的氧化掺杂技术组成,扫描电镜、电导率测定和热重TGA实验都显示了导电复合物的合成,并且在低压条件下制备得到的产品具有更高的电导性能.总体上复合材料的电导率在10-4～10-3S/cm范围.     

Ag-Ag_2S/MoS_2的制备及在无酶电化学过氧化氢传感中的应用

本文设计并制备了一种用于无酶电化学过氧化氢传感的新型银-硫化银/硫化钼复合材料(Ag-Ag_2S/MoS_2).通过将单独合成的MoS_2水分散液和Ag纳米分散液进行混合,利用自组装的方法实现了Ag-Ag_2S/MoS_2复合材料的制备.结果发现, Ag-Ag_2S纳米颗粒均匀生长在由多层片状MoS_2堆积形成的花瓣上, Ag_2S主要存在于Ag纳米颗粒和MoS_2片层的接触界面处.将此复合材料用于电化学传感时,修饰的电极表现出诱人的无酶电化学H_2O_2传感性能,不但具有极宽的线性区间范围(0.01～160 mmol/L),而且保持很好的灵敏度17.1μA (mmol/L)~(-1)cm~(-2)和较小的最低检测限4.8μmol/L.这种优良的性能归因于Ag, Ag_2S颗粒和MoS_2片层三者间的协同作用:Ag和MoS_2本身都具有良好的过氧化氢催化活性, Ag纳米颗粒和1T相MoS_2能显著提高复合材料的导电性能,界面形成的少量Ag_2S为Ag和MoS_2间的电子传输提供了通道.进一步的分析表明,这种基于Ag-Ag_2S/MoS_2复合材料的传感器还表现出卓越的选择性、良好的稳定性和重现性.     

氮化物陶瓷基复合材料烧蚀透波性能研究

采用前驱体转化法制备了2.5维石英纤维增强氮化物陶瓷基复合材料(2.5D SiO/Si3N4-BN), 在高温等离子体射流环境下研究了复合材料的烧蚀和透波性能, 用X射线衍射、扫描电镜对材料的相组成及烧蚀表面形貌进行测量和观察. 结果表明氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的线烧蚀率为0.33 mm/s, 高温透波率最高达98.6%. 烧蚀过程中, 熔融的石英液态层与基体相互保护, 烧蚀表面无石英熔融层堆积, 烧蚀表面平整     

亲水性纳米白炭黑在橡胶基体中的良好分散与性能影响

应用羧基丁苯橡胶乳液辐射硫化、亲水性纳米白炭黑（SiO2）浆体制备、喷雾干燥等工业技术制备了纳米级超细全硫化粉末羧基丁苯橡胶（UFPCSBR）/SiO2纳米复合粉末,其中,纳米级SiO2颗粒与UFPCSBR颗粒处于相互隔离依附的状态.在UFPCSBR/SiO2纳米复合粉末与SBR等生胶的混炼过程中,借助于UFPCSBR颗粒在SBR生胶基体中的良好分散,依附在UFPCSBR颗粒上的SiO2颗粒也能够良好分散在橡胶基体中,从而制备成橡胶/UFPCSBR/SiO2纳米复合材料.实验结果表明,由UFPCSBR/SiO2纳米复合粉末制备的橡胶/UFPCSBR/SiO2纳米复合材料具有较好的耐磨性、撕裂强度和较低的压缩生热.值得注意的是,在0～40°C范围内,这种新颖的橡胶/UFPCSBR/SiO2复合材料的tanδ-T曲线上新出现了一个侧峰,有效提高了0～20°C范围内的tanδ值,但60°C附近的tanδ值变化较小,从而表现为在橡胶复合材料的滚动阻力变化不大的情况下,其抗湿滑性明显提高,这将为绿色轮胎胎面胶纳米复合材料的设计开发提供新的研究思路.     

疲劳载荷下C/C复合材料的基体皱褶现象研究

采用专门设计的非常规交替式疲劳试验, 对碳纤维三维整体编织C/C复合材料在拉-拉循环载荷作用下的力学行为进行了探索性研究. 试验中发现, 在C/C复合材料内部热解碳沉积层的某些微区域形成了丝绸状“皱褶”. 进一步对试验过程进行了热力学理论分析, 阐明了产生皱褶现象的原因主要是疲劳振动过程导致热解碳沉积微层之间发生微摩擦, 并进而形成高温微区所致.     

大型飞机复合材料机翼壁板气动弹性优化设计

以大型飞机复合材料机翼为对象进行气动弹性综合优化设计研究,以机翼蒙皮壁板及相关构件复合材料铺层厚度为设计变量,在满足多种气动弹性与强度/应变约束下对结构重量进行最小化设计,并分析了优化中三种强度/应变约束和蒙皮铺层比例的影响.研究表明：不同组合约束下优化后的复合材料机翼较金属机翼减重效果显著,综合考虑应变与失效准则约束能在兼顾减重效果的同时提高机翼整体刚度水平;铺层比例优化结果表明机翼内段与中段较高的0°铺层比例和外段较高的±45°铺层比例分布能使刚度分布更加高效合理.     

超临界CO2辅助制备TiO2/MCM-41中孔分子筛的研究

研究利用超临界二氧化碳(SCCO2)作为溶剂,将钛的有机前驱体传榆到分子筛孔的内部,制备TiO2/MCM-41中孔分子筛,同时研究了温度和压力的影响.XRD、氮气吸脱附、红外、紫外、扫描电镜(SEM)等研究结果表明,在超临界二氧化碳"协助插嵌"的过程中,二氧化钛可以被很好地传输到孔的深处,并呈高分散状态.因此,这种方法为实现二氧化钛在分子筛孔道上呈薄膜分散提供了一种可能途径.     

聚合质量比对Sr0．7La0．15Ce0．15Fe11.7Zn0．3O19／PAn复合体系微波吸收性能的影响

用原位聚合法制备了Sr0．7La0．15Ce0．15Fe11.7Zn0．3O19铁氧体／聚苯胺（PAn）复合材料。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品的结构、微观表面形貌和粒子大小进行了表征,用微波矢量网络分析仪测量样品在2～12．4GHZ频率范围内复介电常数和复磁导率,根据测量数据计算微波反射率R与频率f的关系。研究结果表明：PAn包覆于掺杂锶铁氧体表面,PAn／Sr0．7La0．15Ce0．15Fe11.7Zn0．3O19复合材料具有良好的吸波性能,随着掺杂锶铁氧体含量的增加,微波吸收匹配厚度和吸收带宽发生变化：当Sr0．7La0．15Ce0．15Fe11.7Zn0．3O19聚合质量比为40％时,最佳匹配厚度为2．6mm,吸收峰值接近-40dB,峰值频率高于12．4GHz,大于10dB吸收带宽预计达到55GHz。     

纳米La0．6Sr0．4MnO3／Fe粉复合体系微波吸收性能

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.6Sr0．4MnO3粉体,与纳米Fe粉按不同质量比复合,得到复合材料样品。测试了样品在2～18GHz微波频率范围内的复介电常数、复磁导率,计算了微波反射系数和损耗角正切,初步探讨了材料的微波吸收机制。结果表明,当复合质量比为6：4、样品厚度为2mm时,大于10dB的吸收带宽为3．4GHz,最大吸收峰值为16dB,微波损耗是介电损耗和磁损耗共同作用的结果。     

高温高盐油藏可动凝胶-渗吸调驱配方体系研究与应用

通过室内试验,研究了聚合物分子量、聚合物浓度、交联剂用量及pH等因素对耐高温有机交联剂HT-2008与高分子量星形抗温耐盐聚合物CA-2588形成的凝胶黏度和成胶时间的影响,确定了尕斯库勒E_3~1油藏高温高盐可动凝胶调驱体系的基本配方及性能:环境扫描电子显微镜结果表明,高分子量星形抗温耐盐聚合物CA-2588和耐高温有机交联剂HT-2008能够形成稳定的互穿网络体型结构,该可动凝胶体系,在矿化度为117000mg/L(且钙镁离子含量高达3340 mg/L),pH为7.80,实验温度为126℃条件下,5d时黏度达到最高值43900 mPa s,180 d时凝胶黏度为43500 mPas,耐温耐盐性能好,稳定性好;通过考察不同结构的渗吸剂相态、渗吸脱油效率和长期稳定性等因素,确定了适用于尕斯库勒油田E_3~1高温高盐油藏的3种渗吸剂LF1008,AESN70和N111-2.在尕斯库勒油田E_3~1油藏进行可动凝胶.渗吸深部调驱现场应用后,取得良好效果.     

Reduction of adenylylsulfate and 3′-phosphoadenylylsulfate in phototrophic bacteria

Summary Extracts of 14 species of phototrophic bacteria, partly grown with different sulfur compounds, were tested for their ability to form volatile sulfur compounds from adenylylsulfate (APS) and 3-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). The Rhodospirillum species showed marked activities with both APS and PAPS while the Rhodopseudomonas species seem to prefer PAPS. the Chromatiaceae exhibited the strongest activities with APS, whereas Chlorobium limicola had equally high activity with PAPS.We thank J. F. Imhoff for skilful assistance and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial support.     

Genomic revelations of a mutualism: the pea aphid and its obligate bacterial symbiont

The symbiosis of the pea aphid Acyrthosphion pisum with the bacterium Buchnera aphidicola APS represents the best-studied insect obligate symbiosis. Here we present a refined picture of this symbiosis by linking pre-genomic observations to new genomic data that includes the complete genomes of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic symbiotic partners. In doing so, we address four issues central to understanding the patterns and processes operating at the A. pisum/Buchnera APS interface. These four issues include: (1) lateral gene transfer, (2) host immunity, (3) symbiotic metabolism, and (4) regulation.     

Reduction of adenylylsulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate in phototrophic bacteria.

Extracts of 14 species of phototrophic bacteria, partly grown with different sulfur compounds, were tested for their ability to form volatile sulfur compounds from adenylylsulfate (APS) and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). The Rhodospirillum species showed marked activities with both APS and PAPS while the Rhodopseudomonas species seem to prefer PAPS. The Chromatiaceae exhibited the strongest activities with APS, whereas Chlorobium limicola had equally high activity with PAPS.     

Interaction between aldosterone and renomedullary prostaglandins. Competitive action between aspirin and spironolactone

Aldosterone injected i.m. decreased the release of renomedullary PGEs and the index (urinary Na/K ratio) in conscious normotensive intact and adrenalectomized rats. Coadministration of spironolactone increased the release of PGEs as well as the index (urinary Na/K ratio). The effect of spironolactone was partly inhibited by aspirin injected in a ratio 5:1 (aspirin:spironolactone), and effect which could be reversed by the infusion of a synthetic prostaglandin (PGA2) in a subhypotensive dose.     

极性分子对甲基丙烯酸丁酯/丙烯酰胺共聚合的影响

以自由基本体聚合方法制备了甲基丙烯酸丁酯/丙烯酰胺(BMA/AM)共聚物.将极性分子环己醇引入到BMA和AM的共聚体系中,研究了环己醇对单体转化率和BMA/AM共聚物特性黏度的影响.随着环己醇加入量的增加,AM在反应体系中溶解的量明显增大,单体转化率增加,BMA/AM共聚物的特性黏度存在峰值.借助傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、核磁共振(13C NMR)、动态力学分析法(DMA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重分析法(TGA)研究了环己醇对BMA/AM共聚物的结构和性能的影响,结果表明:AM只能与BMA进行共聚反应,随着环己醇的加入量的增加,BMA/AM共聚物的含量将增加,由此发泡阶段的酰亚胺化反应程度就越高,BMA/AM共聚物分子链中的酰亚胺环结构就越多,从而显著提高BMA/AM共聚物的性能,有望制备高性能的聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫塑料.     

Identification of an emerin–β-catenin complex in the heart important for intercalated disc architecture and β-catenin localisation

How mutations in the protein emerin lead to the cardiomyopathy associated with X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X-EDMD) is unclear. We identified emerin at the adherens junction of the intercalated disc, where it co-localised with the catenin family of proteins. Emerin bound to wild type β-catenin both in vivo and in vitro. Mutating the GSK3β phosphorylation sites on β-catenin abolished this binding. Wild type but not mutant forms of emerin associated with X-EDMD were able to reduce β-catenin protein levels. Cardiomyocytes from emerin-null mice hearts exhibited erroneous β-catenin distribution and intercalated disc architecture. Treatment of wild type cardiomyocytes with phenylephrine, which inactivates GSK3β, redistributed emerin and β-catenin. Emerin was identified as a direct target of GSK3β activity since exogenous expression of GSK3β reduced emerin levels at the nuclear envelope. We propose that perturbation to or total loss of the emerin–β-catenin complex compromises both intercalated disc function and β-catenin signalling in cardiomyocytes.     

Interaction between aldosterone and renomedullary prostaglandins. Competitive action between aspirin and spironolactone

Summary Aldosterone injected i.m. decreased the release of renomedullary PGEs and the index (urinary Na/K ratio) in conscious normotensive intact and adrenalectomized rats. Coadministration of spironolactone increased the release of PGEs as well as the index (urinary Na/K ratio). The effect of spironolactone was partly inhibited by aspirin injected in a ratio 51 (aspirin: spironolactone), an effect which could be reversed by the infusion of a synthetic prostaglandin (PGA₂) in a subhypotensive dose.Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr J. Pike, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, who kindly provided prostaglandins used for this study. This work was supported by a grant from INSERM (ATP 32 76 64) to Dr N. Papanicolaou.     

Transient cytoskeletal alterations after SOD1 depletion in neuroblastoma cells

We have studied the effects of superoxide production after Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) down-regulation by RNA interference. We demonstrated that SOD1 depletion induced, only in neuroblastoma cells, a decrease in actin and β-tubulin content and accumulation of neurofilament light chain and Tau proteins. Alterations of cell morphology and the microfilament network were also observed, together with the up-regulation of the Cdk5/p35 pathway, which is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization. The decrease of filamentous actin was transient and was recovered through the activation of p38/Hsp27 MAPK pathway, as well as after treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The importance of p38 in the recovery of cytoskeleton was confirmed by experiments carried out in the presence of its inhibitor SB203580, which induced cell death. Our data demonstrate that SOD1 is essential for the preservation of cytoskeleton integrity, by maintaining physiological concentration of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the activation of the neuronal specific Cdk5/p35 pathway. P. Vigilanza, K. Aquilano: Both authors equally contributed to this work. Received 15 November 2007; received after revision 19 January 2008; accepted 22 January 2008     

Nonspecific reaction of a thiol:Protein disulfide oxidoreductase with the disulfide bonds of insulin

Summary A thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase from bovine liver was isolated after separation from protein disulfide isomerase. The enzyme, after activation (reduction) with glutathione, was reacted with stoichiometric amounts of insulin and the sulfhydryl groups of the partially reduced hormone were labeled with iodo (l-¹⁴C)acetamide. After separation of the insulin chains, the radioactivity was found in both the peptides, with a ratio A-chain/B-chain equal to 2/1.