物种保护中几个重要理论探析

保护生物学在形成和发展过程中,相继产生了岛屿生物地理学、最小存活种群和集合种群三个重要理论.正确认识这三大理论产生的背景、主要内容及其产生的必然性、进步性和局限性,是实现对其正确应用的前提,也是使理论指导实践能够取得良好效果的基本要求.在阐述了三个理论的基本观点和特点的基础上,指出了它们在研究内容上的不同,以及在学科逻辑上的内在联系,提出了实际应用时应遵循的基本原则,以期在自然生境破碎化后保护大量濒危物种时更好地发挥理论指导作用.     

长江江豚保护生物学研究进展

近年来研究表明长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的一个亚种,其种群数量明显减少,栖息地正在丧失。我国已有长江江豚30年饲养实践经验,建立长江豚类自然保护区,同时开展长江江豚饲养下的行为学与繁殖学研究,是保护本种积极有效的措施。     

一类具有迁移特性的生物危险源扩散动力学模型分析

为了解决人口迁移带来的传染病防治问题,以人口相互迁移的两个城市为例,建立了传染率为双线性的SIR模型,通过脉冲接种对疾病进行预防和控制,求出了该模型的无病周期解和疾病消亡的阈值,并分别利用Fioquet定理和脉冲微分不等式证明了无病周期解的局部稳定性和全局稳定性,最后借助Matlab仿真加以验证.研究结果表明,脉冲接种不仅可以极大地减少患病者的人数,而且能够缩短疾病流行时间.     

四川藏鸡保种群遗传多样性研究

利用6对藏鸡微卫星引物对四川甘孜州乡城县藏鸡保种群进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明：6个微卫星座位中共检测到31个等位基因,单个座位的等位基因数为2~10个,平均等位基因数为5.16个.各座位PIC值分布范围在0.177~0.700之间,平均PIC值为0.537,6个微卫星位点在藏鸡中存在多态性.各座位的表观杂合度在0.220~0.980之间,期望杂合度H在0.198~0.745之间,等位基因频率的范围为1%~89%.本文研究结果表明藏鸡保种群的遗传杂合度较高,遗传多样性丰富.     

一点多星轨道计算精度研究

应用理论分析和计算机模拟相结合的方法,讨论了卫星动力学模型中多种误差因素对一点多星轨道计算精度的不同影响,给出了星间相对位置计算的主要误差因素及其限制要求．并在此基础上,对一点多星的轨道计算和跟踪测量方法,提出了一些可行的建议     

生物学中反应扩散方程的分歧分析

应用Liapunov-Schmidt方法研究了一类生物学中的非线性反应扩散方程。在分歧点附近，得到了从平凡解分歧出来的非平凡解的近似解析表达式，并与数值解作了比较，结果表明方法是正确的。     

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)人工种群的建立发展与保护对策研究

回顾了世界朱鹮饲养繁殖的历史,并对人工种群发展过程中的保护管理措施和现状进行了总结．从1872年英国伦敦动物园饲养朱鹮开始,朱鹮的饲养已经历了130多年的时间．1981年中国朱鹮重新发现以来,经过科学家的努力,中国朱鹮的人工饲养繁殖,无论从饲养管理、人工繁殖, 还是疾病防治等方面,均取得了突破性进展．截至2004年底,包括日本佐渡、北京动物园、洋县朱鹮 救护饲养中心和陕西楼观台珍稀动物抢救饲养中心的4个种群,世界朱鹮人工种群的数量已达 422只．     

Structural biology: analysis of protein-folding cooperativity

The folding of small proteins has been assumed to be an all-or-none process that involves high cooperativity within the structure and substantial kinetic-energy barriers. Sadqi et al. claim that the small re-engineered protein Naf-BBL unfolds without significant cooperativity or kinetic hindrance, a conclusion that is based on calculation of a broad distribution of midpoint thermal-transition temperatures measured by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of 158 protons. We find that all of the unprocessed melting curves can be fitted to the same two-state global unfolding when uncertainties in the experimental data are taken into account. We conclude that the authors' melting data for Naf-BBL remain consistent with the all-or-none process.     

学科教学(生物)专业硕士的生物课程与教材分析课程教学探析

针对学科教学(生物)专业硕士生课堂教学中面临的一些问题,组织开展丰富多样的课堂教学活动形式。主要做法如下:组织实施如何用教材教让学生发现自己教学不足;查阅文献资料,借鉴他人的教学研究成果快速提升自己的教学水平;集体说课进一步提高自己的备课能力,深化对中学生物教材分析和认识;教学见习周活动,组织开展教学反思。多举措并行有效提高了专业硕士生的实践教学能力和教学业务素质。     

ROPP掩星数据反演软件及其精度分析

GPS掩星探测技术已成为地球大气和电离层探测的重要手段。介绍了无线电掩星数据反演地球大气参数的原理方法以及处理软件ROPP的功能和模块构成;并详细阐述了模块的算法原理。依据掩星探测几何关系,在球对称模式下利用ROPP软件进行参数配置,对COSMIC掩星数据进行预处理,由阿贝尔积分反演得到大气折射率廓线;并利用一维变分反演方法得到大气参数如温度、湿度和压强的廓线。反演结果图示说明,与CDAAC处理数据进行了比较和误差分析,分析表明折射率、温度、压强和湿度的吻合程度较好,30km以下折射率误差约在5%范围内;同时给出了误差的来源及分析。     

Reproductive biology and prospects for conservation ofCaldesia parnassifolia (Alismataceae)—A threatened monocot in China

Caldesia parnassi folia (Bassi ex Linn.) Parl. in China has declined in number in recent years and is increasingly faced with the risk of extirpation arising from anthropogenic changes associated with rapid urbanization and expansion of both agriculture and infrastructure. To aid in provision of the data needed for effective conservation of the species, studies on the habitat, pollination ecology, and breeding system ofC. parnassi folia were carried out on natural populations occurring in Southeastern China. Flowering in the study populations extended for more than eighty days beginning in early summer. Floral anthesis occurred in the morning hours and proceeded rapidly, lasting about 45 min. Flowers lasted ca. 8 h.Caldesia parnassi folia is self-compatible; however autogamy resulted in lower seed set than geitonogamy and xenogamy as well as free pollination. The data on pollen/ ovule (P∶O) ratio is consistent with a partially selfing and outcrossing mating system. Interpopulational crosses yielded similar seed set to within-population crosses. Agamospermy did not occur in the study populations. Propagation is achieved through seeds as well as through turions which commonly occur in the inflorescences. Flies (Insecta; Diptera) were the most frequent visitors to the flowers ofC. parnassi folia; however bees (Insecta; Hymenoptera) composed a larger proportion of effective pollinators. The Syrphidae speciesSphaerophoria indiana (Bigot) presents evidence of oligolectic foraging behavior. Recommendations are made on the immediate steps necessary for conservation ofCaldesia species in China. Foundation item: Supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (973) (G2000046805) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30070055) Biography: Robert Wahiti, Gituru (1967-), male, Kenya, Ph. D., research direction: plant biosystematics.     

预防性养护时机决策及效益分析

公路在其使用寿命内,如何进行科学、有效的养护,是一个十分重要的课题,该文论述了路面预防性养护的概念和意义,深入探讨了基于路面技术指标的养护时机的问题,分析了预防性养护蕴含的巨大的经济效益.     

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)野生种群的现状与保护对策

报道了中国陕西洋县朱鹮野生种群的分布现状,分析了朱鹮的种群动态,如种群数量、出生率和死亡率、年龄结构和性比等．最后叙述了朱鹮种群的保护管理现状,包括种群监测保护、栖息地管理和社区发展战略等．     

Structural biology: analysis of 'downhill' protein folding

There is controversy as to whether homologues from the peripheral subunit binding domain family of small proteins fold 'downhill' (that is, non-cooperatively, in the absence of free-energy barriers between conformations) and whether they modulate their size for biological function. Sadqi et al. claim that Naf-BBL--a naphthylalanine-labelled, truncated version of this domain--folds in this way, on the grounds that they recorded a wide spread of melting temperatures of individual atoms measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) during their thermal denaturation. But their data are not of adequate quality to distinguish, within experimental error, between downhill folding and folding with a cooperative transition. Accordingly, their results offer no compelling evidence that Naf-BBL folds downhill, particularly as non-truncated, unmodified peripheral subunit binding domains seem to fold cooperatively.     

A systems biology analysis of the Drosophila phagosome

Phagocytes have a critical function in remodelling tissues during embryogenesis and thereafter are central effectors of immune defence. During phagocytosis, particles are internalized into 'phagosomes', organelles from which immune processes such as microbial destruction and antigen presentation are initiated. Certain pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune system and persist undetected within phagocytes, and it is therefore evident that a detailed knowledge of this process is essential to an understanding of many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. However, despite the crucial role of phagosomes in immunity, their components and organization are not fully defined. Here we present a systems biology analysis of phagosomes isolated from cells derived from the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster and address the complex dynamic interactions between proteins within this organelle and their involvement in particle engulfment. Proteomic analysis identified 617 proteins potentially associated with Drosophila phagosomes; these were organized by protein-protein interactions to generate the 'phagosome interactome', a detailed protein-protein interaction network of this subcellular compartment. These networks predicted both the architecture of the phagosome and putative biomodules. The contribution of each protein and complex to bacterial internalization was tested by RNA-mediated interference and identified known components of the phagocytic machinery. In addition, the prediction and validation of regulators of phagocytosis such as the 'exocyst', a macromolecular complex required for exocytosis but not previously implicated in phagocytosis, validates this strategy. In generating this 'systems-based model', we show the power of applying this approach to the study of complex cellular processes and organelles and expect that this detailed model of the phagosome will provide a new framework for studying host-pathogen interactions and innate immunity.