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1.
Giger RJ  Kolodkin AL 《Nature》2000,406(6798):841, 843
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2.
The transcription factor Engrailed-2 guides retinal axons   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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3.
4.
The Drosophila gene torso encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase   总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27  
The maternal gene torso, required for determination of anterior and posterior terminal structures in the Drosophila embryo, was cloned using P-element tagging. Genetic evidence suggests that the action of the gene product is spatially restricted to the terminal regions; the torso messenger RNA, however, is evenly distributed. Structural similarities of the predicted torso protein with growth-factor receptor tyrosine kinases suggest that the spatial restriction of torso activity results from a localized activation of the torso protein at the anterior and posterior egg pole.  相似文献   

5.
In nervous systems with symmetry about the midline, many neurons project axons from one side to the other. Although several of the components controlling midline crossing have been identified, little is known about how axons choose the appropriate pathway when crossing. For example, in the Drosophila embryo axons cross the midline in one of two distinct tracts, the anterior or posterior commissure (AC or PC, respec tively). Here we show that the Derailed (Drl) receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed by neurons that project in the AC, and that in the absence of Drl such neurons often project abnormally into the PC. Conversely, misexpression of Drl in PC neurons forces them to cross in the AC. The behaviour of Drl-misexpressing neurons and the in vivo binding pattern of a soluble Drl receptor probe indicate that Drl acts as a guidance receptor for a repellent ligand present in the PC. Our results show that Drl is a novel component in the control of midline crossing.  相似文献   

6.
Blood vessels and nerves are complex, branched structures that share a high degree of anatomical similarity. Guidance of vessels and nerves has to be exquisitely regulated to ensure proper wiring of both systems. Several regulators of axon guidance have been identified and some of these are also expressed in endothelial cells; however, the extent to which their guidance functions are conserved in the vascular system is still incompletely understood. We show here that the repulsive netrin receptor UNC5B is expressed by endothelial tip cells of the vascular system. Disruption of the Unc5b gene in mice, or of Unc5b or netrin-1a in zebrafish, leads to aberrant extension of endothelial tip cell filopodia, excessive vessel branching and abnormal navigation. Netrin-1 causes endothelial filopodial retraction, but only when UNC5B is present. Thus, UNC5B functions as a repulsive netrin receptor in endothelial cells controlling morphogenesis of the vascular system.  相似文献   

7.
利用AFLP技术分析果蝇黑疱翅突变体   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
参考家蚕AFLP构建遗传连锁图的构建方法,建立了适于果蝇的AFLP反应体系.利用该AFLP反应体系分析了果蝇黑疱翅突变体基因组与其亲本黄身果蝇的差别,得到数个差异片段,散布于果蝇2,3号染色体上.  相似文献   

8.
Fischler W  Kong P  Marella S  Scott K 《Nature》2007,448(7157):1054-1057
There are five known taste modalities in humans: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster tastes sugars, salts and noxious chemicals, the nature and number of taste modalities in this organism is not clear. Previous studies have identified one taste cell population marked by the gustatory receptor gene Gr5a that detects sugars, and a second population marked by Gr66a that detects bitter compounds. Here we identify a novel taste modality in this insect: the taste of carbonated water. We use a combination of anatomical, calcium imaging and behavioural approaches to identify a population of taste neurons that detects CO2 and mediates taste acceptance behaviour. The taste of carbonation may allow Drosophila to detect and obtain nutrients from growing microorganisms. Whereas CO2 detection by the olfactory system mediates avoidance, CO2 detection by the gustatory system mediates acceptance behaviour, demonstrating that the context of CO2 determines appropriate behaviour. This work opens up the possibility that the taste of carbonation may also exist in other organisms.  相似文献   

9.
V Irish  R Lehmann  M Akam 《Nature》1989,338(6217):646-648
The development of the body plan in the Drosophila embryo depends on the activity of maternal determinants localized at the anterior and posterior of the egg. These activities define both the polarity of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis and the spatial domains of expression of the zygotic gap genes, which in turn control the subsequent steps in segmentation. The nature and mode of action of one anterior determinant, the bicoid(bcd) gene product, has recently been defined, but the posterior determinants are less well characterized. At least seven maternally acting genes are required for posterior development. Mutations in these maternal posterior-group genes result in embryos lacking all abdominal segments. Cytoplasmic transplantation studies indicate that the maternally encoded product of the nanos(nos) gene may act as an abdominal determinant, whereas the other maternal posterior-group genes appear to be required for the appropriate localization and stabilization of this signal. Here we show that the lack of the nos gene product can be compensated for by eliminating the maternal activity of the gap gene hunchback (hb). Embryos lacking both of these maternally derived gene products are viable and can survive as fertile adults. These results suggest that the nos gene product functions by repressing the activity of the maternal hb products in the posterior of the egg.  相似文献   

10.
滇池水-沉积物界面氮分布特点及其对控制蓝藻水华的意义   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
 造成水体富营养化的污染源可以分为外源和内源,当湖泊的外源得到控制以后,内源营养盐的释放仍然可以发生富营养化,甚至爆发藻类水华.研究营养物质在水-沉积物界面的地球化学行为,对于控制水体富营养化和水华爆发具有重要意义.以滇池为研究对象,测定了间隙水和上覆水中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和有机氮(ON)的质量浓度.结果表明:①无论在草海还是外海,间隙水中TN,NH4+-N及ON质量浓度均高于上覆水,说明底泥中的氮元素有向水体中扩散的趋势;②草海上覆水及间隙水中TN,NH4+-N和NO3--N质量浓度均高于外海,其受污染的程度比外海高.研究揭示了滇池底泥中氮分布区域和垂直变化特征,阐明了内源氮负荷在湖泊富营养化中所起的作用.  相似文献   

11.
Generally, there are some anhydrites in carbonate reservoir, as H2S is also familiar in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. Nowadays, natural gas with high H2S concentration is usually considered as TSR origin, so there is close relationship between H2S and anhydrite. On the contrary, some carbonate rocks with anhydrite do not contain H2S. Recently, researches show that H2S is only a necessary condition of H2S formation. The reservoir porosity, sulfate ion content within formation water, reservoir temperature, oil/gas and water interface, hydrocarbon and some elements of reservoir rock have great controlling effects on the TSR occurrence. TSR deoxidizes hydrocarbon into the acidic gas such as H2S and CO2, and the H2S formation is controlled by TSR occurrence, so the relationship among reaction room, the contact chance of sulfate ion and hydrocarbon, the reservoir temperature has great influence on the TSR reaction. H2S has relatively active chemical quality, so it is still controlled by the content of heavy metal ion. Good conditions of TSR reaction and H2S preservation are the prerequisite of H2S distribution prediction. This paper builds a predictive model based on the characteristic of natural gas reservoir with high H2S-bearing. In the porosity reservoir with anhydrite, the formation water is rich in sulfate and poor in heavy metal ion. Oil and gas fill and accumulate in the gas reservoir with good preservation conditions, and they suffered high temperature later, which indicates the profitable area of natural gas with high H2S-bearing.  相似文献   

12.
Generally, there are some anhydrites in carbonate reservoir, as H2S is also familiar in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. Nowadays, natural gas with high H2S concentration is usually considered as TSR origin, so there is close relationship between H2S and anhydrite. On the contrary, some carbonate rocks with anhydrite do not contain H2S. Recently, researches show that H2S is only a necessary condition of H2S formation. The reservoir porosity, sulfate ion content within formation water, reservoir temperature, oil/gas and water interface, hydrocarbon and some elements of reservoir rock have great controlling effects on the TSR occurrence. TSR deoxidizes hydrocarbon into the acidic gas such as H2S and CO2, and the H2S formation is controlled by TSR occurrence, so the relationship among reaction room, the contact chance of sulfate ion and hydrocarbon, the reservoir temperature has great influence on the TSR reaction. H2S has relatively active chemical quality, so it is still controlled by the content of heavy metal ion. Good conditions of TSR reaction and H2S preservation are the prerequisite of H2S distribu- tion prediction. This paper builds a predictive model based on the characteristic of natural gas reservoir with high H2S-bearing. In the porosity reservoir with anhydrite, the formation water is rich in sulfate and poor in heavy metal ion. Oil and gas fill and accumulate in the gas reservoir with good preservation conditions, and they suffered high temperature later, which indicates the profitable area of natural gas with high H2S-bearing.  相似文献   

13.
Ohlstein B  Spradling A 《Nature》2006,439(7075):470-474
Vertebrate and invertebrate digestive systems show extensive similarities in their development, cellular makeup and genetic control. The Drosophila midgut is typical: enterocytes make up the majority of the intestinal epithelial monolayer, but are interspersed with hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells. Human (and mouse) intestinal cells are continuously replenished by stem cells, the misregulation of which may underlie some common digestive diseases and cancer. In contrast, stem cells have not been described in the intestines of flies, and Drosophila intestinal cells have been thought to be relatively stable. Here we use lineage labelling to show that adult Drosophila posterior midgut cells are continuously replenished by a distinctive population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). As in vertebrates, ISCs are multipotent, and Notch signalling is required to produce an appropriate fraction of enteroendocrine cells. Notch is also required for the differentiation of ISC daughter cells, a role that has not been addressed in vertebrates. Unlike previously characterized stem cells, which reside in niches containing a specific partner stromal cell, ISCs adjoin only the basement membrane, differentiated enterocytes and their most recent daughters. The identification of Drosophila intestinal stem cells with striking similarities to their vertebrate counterparts will facilitate the genetic analysis of normal and abnormal intestinal function.  相似文献   

14.
K Moses  M C Ellis  G M Rubin 《Nature》1989,340(6234):531-536
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15.
Gottar M  Gobert V  Michel T  Belvin M  Duyk G  Hoffmann JA  Ferrandon D  Royet J 《Nature》2002,416(6881):640-644
The antimicrobial defence of Drosophila relies largely on the challenge-induced synthesis of an array of potent antimicrobial peptides by the fat body. The defence against Gram-positive bacteria and natural fungal infections is mediated by the Toll signalling pathway, whereas defence against Gram-negative bacteria is dependent on the Immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. Loss-of-function mutations in either pathway reduce the resistance to corresponding infections. The link between microbial infections and activation of these two pathways has remained elusive. The Toll pathway is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA). PGRPs appear to be highly conserved from insects to mammals, and the Drosophila genome contains 13 members. Here we report a mutation in a gene coding for a putative transmembrane protein, PGRP-LC, which reduces survival to Gram-negative sepsis but has no effect on the response to Gram-positive bacteria or natural fungal infections. By genetic epistasis, we demonstrate that PGRP-LC acts upstream of the imd gene. The data on PGRP-SA with respect to the response to Gram-positive infections, together with the present report, indicate that the PGRP family has a principal role in sensing microbial infections in Drosophila.  相似文献   

16.
基于多元线性回归方法的地应力研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
地应力场是地质力学与岩石力学研究的基本内容之一,地应力的大小、方向及其分布规律是油气田勘探开发中地应力研究的主要内容。在研究地应力场的过程中,区域边界条件的确定是个难点也是关键部分。以任丘潜山雾迷山组三段为例,视区域边界荷载为未知数,目标井地应力为约束条件,基于多元线性回归方法确定出区域边界条件,利用Matlab求解得出区域所受边界力。研究结果表明,基于多元线性回归方法求得的地应力值与实际测量的地应力值吻合较好。  相似文献   

17.
R Finkelstein  N Perrimon 《Nature》1990,346(6283):485-488
In the Drosophila embryo, cell fate along the anterior-posterior axis is determined by maternally expressed genes. The activity of the bicoid (bcd) gene is required for the development of larval head and thoracic structures, and that of maternal torso (tor) for the development of the unsegmented region of the head (acron). In contrast to the case of thoracic and abdominal segmentation, the hierarchy of zygotically expressed genes controlling head development has not been clearly defined. The bcd protein, which is expressed in a gradient, activates zygotic expression of the gap gene hunchback (hb), but hb alone is not sufficient to specify head development. Driever et al. proposed that at least one other bcd-activated gene controls the development of head regions anterior to the hb domain. We report here that the homeobox gene orthodenticle (otd), which is involved in head development, could be such a gene. We also show that otd expression responds to the activity of the maternal tor gene at the anterior pole of the embryo.  相似文献   

18.
利用限幅控制法对基于模拟电感的双涡卷以及5涡卷混沌进行了电路实验控制研究.结果表明:利用二极管构成的双向限幅控制电路,仅通过改变限幅电压即可得到非常好的控制效果;该控制方法不受系统的频率限制,无需预先知道系统较多的动力学信息,实验装置简单,在实际系统中容易实现.  相似文献   

19.
The intestinal tract maintains proper function by replacing aged cells with freshly produced cells that arise from a population of self-renewing intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In the mammalian intestine, ISC self renewal, amplification and differentiation take place along the crypt-villus axis, and are controlled by the Wnt and hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathways. However, little is known about the mechanisms that specify ISCs within the developing intestinal epithelium, or about the signalling centres that help maintain them in their self-renewing stem cell state. Here we show that in adult Drosophila melanogaster, ISCs of the posterior intestine (hindgut) are confined to an anterior narrow segment, which we name the hindgut proliferation zone (HPZ). Within the HPZ, self renewal of ISCs, as well as subsequent proliferation and differentiation of ISC descendants, are controlled by locally emanating Wingless (Wg, a Drosophila Wnt homologue) and Hh signals. The anteriorly restricted expression of Wg in the HPZ acts as a niche signal that maintains cells in a slow-cycling, self-renewing mode. As cells divide and move posteriorly away from the Wg source, they enter a phase of rapid proliferation. During this phase, Hh signal is required for exiting the cell cycle and the onset of differentiation. The HPZ, with its characteristic proliferation dynamics and signalling properties, is set up during the embryonic phase and becomes active in the larva, where it generates all adult hindgut cells including ISCs. The mechanism and genetic control of cell renewal in the Drosophila HPZ exhibits a large degree of similarity with what is seen in the mammalian intestine. Our analysis of the Drosophila HPZ provides an insight into the specification and control of stem cells, highlighting the way in which the spatial pattern of signals that promote self renewal, growth and differentiation is set up within a genetically tractable model system.  相似文献   

20.
将果蝇SCS'绝缘子以不同方向置于CMV启动子和报告基因egfp表达框的上下游,构建了包括对照病毒在内的9个重组杆状病毒.比较了这些病毒转导CHO,BHK和CNE细胞后报告基因表达的情况.结果显示:各株重组病毒的复制没有明显差异,但报告基因的表达水平有明显不同.当SCS'绝缘子位于表达框的上游,并与报告基因同向时,基因的表达水平显著提高.在CHO中,转导后24 h EGFP表达量比对照病毒提高近3倍,egfpmRNA水平也比对照病毒高4倍多.当在表达框上、下游各有一个SCS',且分别与CMV启动子方向-致和相反时,EGFP表达量降低到只有对照病毒的1/3,其mRNA水平也仅是对照病毒的1/6~1/5.丁酸钠和TSA等组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂处理可以使该病毒介导EGFP表达大幅上升,甚至超过对照病毒.这些结果揭示了杆状病毒在哺乳动物细胞介导基因表达时受到细胞染色质调节机制的影响,也为优化杆状病毒-哺乳动物细胞系基因表达系统提供了新的方法.  相似文献   

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