Self-organization of dissolved organic matter to micelle-like microparticles in river water

In aquatic systems, the concept of the 'microbial loop' is invoked to describe the conversion of dissolved organic matter to particulate organic matter by bacteria. This process mediates the transfer of energy and matter from dissolved organic matter to higher trophic levels, and therefore controls (together with primary production) the productivity of aquatic systems. Here we report experiments on laboratory incubations of sterile filtered river water in which we find that up to 25% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) aggregates abiotically to particles of diameter 0.4-0.8 micrometres, at rates similar to bacterial growth. Diffusion drives aggregation of low- to high-molecular-mass DOC and further to larger micelle-like microparticles. The chemical composition of these microparticles suggests their potential use as food by planktonic bacterivores. This pathway is apparent from differences in the stable carbon isotope compositions of picoplankton and the microparticles. A large fraction of dissolved organic matter might therefore be channelled through microparticles directly to higher trophic levels--bypassing the microbial loop--suggesting that current concepts of carbon conversion in aquatic systems require revision.     

南黄海及长江口邻近海域夏季溶解有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

【目的】海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)的研究对于碳的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义。通过对南黄海及长江口邻近海域夏季溶解有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素的研究,为进一步丰富我国陆架边缘海碳循环的研究提供数据支持和参考依据。【方法】利用高温燃烧氧化法对2013年夏季南黄海及长江口邻近海域水体中的DOC进行测定,初步分析夏季南黄海DOC的分布特征,并结合水文、化学、生物同步观测参数,探讨影响DOC分布的主要因素。【结果】2013年夏季南黄海及长江口邻近海域DOC的含量为0.24~2.37mg/L,平均值为(1.34±0.42)mg/L。整体而言,调查海区平面分布呈现北部浓度高,向南部逐渐降低,近岸浓度高远岸浓度低的分布趋势。DOC的垂直分布呈现表层高,逐渐向底层减小,在底层又有所增加的趋势。【结论】研究海区DOC的分布受水团物理混合控制作用十分明显,近岸DOC高值区的分布主要受鲁北沿岸流和陆源输入影响,南部的低值区主要受黑潮表层水及台湾暖流的稀释作用影响,而生物作用对DOC的分布影响较弱。     

Efficient export of carbon to the deep ocean through dissolved organic matter

Oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes one of the largest pools of reduced carbon in the biosphere. Estimated DOC export from the surface ocean represents 20% of total organic carbon flux to the deep ocean, which constitutes a primary control on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. DOC is the carbon component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and an accurate quantification of DOM pools, fluxes and their controls is therefore critical to understanding oceanic carbon cycling. DOC export is directly coupled with dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus export. However, the C:N:P stoichiometry (by atoms) of DOM dynamics is poorly understood. Here we study the stoichiometry of the DOM pool and of DOM decomposition in continental shelf, continental slope and central ocean gyre environments. We find that DOM is remineralized and produced with a C:N:P stoichiometry of 199:20:1 that is substantially lower than for bulk pools (typically >775:54:1), but greater than for particulate organic matter (106:16:1--the Redfield ratio). Thus for a given mass of new N and P introduced into surface water, more DOC can be exported than would occur at the Redfield ratio. This may contribute to the excess respiration estimated to occur in the interior ocean. Our results place an explicit constraint on global carbon export and elemental balance via advective pathways.     

杉林土壤溶解有机碳吸附及影响因素分析

用模拟实验的方法借助原始物质吸附等温线对杉林土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)的吸附及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,下层土壤比上层土壤有更强的DOC吸附能力,土壤DOC吸附的量与平衡前DOC的浓度显著相关,溶液中的 pH,磷、铁和铝的含量影响土壤对 DOC的吸附。pH为 5.0 时土壤对 DOC的吸附最强,pH为7.0时最弱;磷能阻止DOC的吸附,铁、铝则增加土壤对DOC的吸附,铁的含量对DOC吸附的影响明显大于铝。DOC对土壤铁、铝的溶出量有明显影响,铝的溶出量和溶出率要大于铁。DOC对下层土壤铁铝溶出量的影响要大于上层土壤。     

Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain recent, widespread increases in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface waters of glaciated landscapes across eastern North America and northern and central Europe. Some invoke anthropogenic forcing through mechanisms related to climate change, nitrogen deposition or changes in land use, and by implication suggest that current concentrations and fluxes are without precedent. All of these hypotheses imply that DOC levels will continue to rise, with unpredictable consequences for the global carbon cycle. Alternatively, it has been proposed that DOC concentrations are returning toward pre-industrial levels as a result of a gradual decline in the sulphate content of atmospheric deposition. Here we show, through the assessment of time series data from 522 remote lakes and streams in North America and northern Europe, that rising trends in DOC between 1990 and 2004 can be concisely explained by a simple model based solely on changes in deposition chemistry and catchment acid-sensitivity. We demonstrate that DOC concentrations have increased in proportion to the rates at which atmospherically deposited anthropogenic sulphur and sea salt have declined. We conclude that acid deposition to these ecosystems has been partially buffered by changes in organic acidity and that the rise in DOC is integral to recovery from acidification. Over recent decades, deposition-driven increases in organic matter solubility may have increased the export of DOC to the oceans, a potentially important component of regional carbon balances. The increase in DOC concentrations in these regions appears unrelated to other climatic factors.     

Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs

Ecosystems are supported by organic carbon from two distinct sources. Endogenous carbon is produced by photosynthesis within an ecosystem by autotrophic organisms. Exogenous carbon is produced elsewhere and transported into ecosystems. Consumers may use exogenous carbon with consequent influences on population dynamics, predator-prey relationships and ecosystem processes. For example, exogenous inputs provide resources that may enhance consumer abundance beyond levels supported by within-system primary production. Exogenous fluxes of organic carbon to ecosystems are often large, but this material is recalcitrant and difficult to assimilate, in contrast to endogenously produced organic matter, which is used more easily. Here we show, by the experimental manipulation of dissolved inorganic (13)C in two lakes, that internal primary production is insufficient to support the food webs of these ecosystems. Additions of NaH(13)CO(3) enriched the (13)C content of dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, zooplankton and fish. Dynamics of (13)C indicate that 40-55% of particulate organic carbon and 22-50% of zooplankton carbon are derived from terrestrial sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced outside their boundaries.     

台湾海峡生源要素生物地球化学过程研究

以微型生物食物网在C和P的生物地球化学循环中的动力学为核心,研究了台湾海峡主要生源要素生物地球化学循环的物理驱动和,物理与生物、化学的过程的耦合,微型浮游生物对碳循环的贡献等。结果表明,在大的进空尺度上,该海域磺及磷的生物地球化学循环主要受水动力调控;夏季南部海峡表现为大气CO2的强源、溶解有机碳是主要的有机碳形态、颗粒有机碳中陆源约占60%;夏季上升流是上层磷的重要来源,其贡献约占光合作用所需磷的16%,对生物生产力的着不可忽视的作用;该海域以微型（Nano)和微微型（Pico)浮游植物为主,其对生物量和生产力的贡献可高达60%和80%,浮游植物的初级产量有一大部分为细菌和异养鞭毛虫表现了较高的生态传递效率,微食物网对传统食物网的贡献可达三分之一。此外,还从物理、化学、生物耦合的角度探讨了ENSO现象对海域生态环境的影响。     

添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳特征的影响

【目的】研究添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的影响,探究土壤DOC的组分来源以及滨海盐渍土壤碳库的稳定性,为改良滨海盐渍土并发挥其碳汇效应提供依据。【方法】以江苏大丰滨海两种不同盐分的盐渍土壤为研究对象,利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法,分析添加牛粪有机肥后两种盐渍土壤中DOC含量及紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱特征的动态变化。【结果】添加有机肥的土壤DOC含量显著增加,且有机肥的添加提高了土壤DOC的腐殖化程度,试验第15天和第60天时高盐土壤DOC的腐殖化程度更高,土壤中DOC主要来源于添加的有机肥。三维荧光光谱特征显示,添加有机肥后土壤DOC中类富里酸峰较为明显。平行因子分析法将土壤DOC分为4个荧光组分:C1为外源类短波类腐殖质组分(紫外光区为类富里酸、海洋类富里酸),C2为外源类腐殖质组分(紫外光区、可见光区均为类富里酸),C3为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸、类色氨酸),C4为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸),随时间的变化各组分的占比也表现出不同的情况。【结论】滨海两种盐渍土壤添加牛粪有机肥后,土壤中DOC的含量、类腐殖质组分占比及腐质化程度均显著提高,类络氨酸组分的占比显著降低(P<0.05)。添加有机肥有利于盐渍土壤中活性碳库的稳定,但由于影响DOC的因素众多,不同的盐渍土壤表现情况各异。     

氮添加对杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳季节变化的影响

为研究大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳循环的影响, 从2012年5月起,选择典型的苏北杨树(Populus deltoides cv. ‘I-35’)人工林为实验地, 采用随机区组设计不同氮添加处理, 进行野外氮添加定位试验,分析氮添加对不同林龄杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:氮添加提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、可溶性有机碳的含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量有显著的季节变化,总体表现为夏秋季较高,冬春季较低。相关分析表明,微生物生物量碳含量与土壤温度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),可溶性有机碳含量与土壤温度相关性不显著(p>0.05)。研究表明,苏北杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳含量的季节变化主要受到土壤温度影响,同时其对氮添加呈正响应。     

三江平原典型岛状林湿地土壤水DOC质量浓度分布特征

以三江平原典型岛状林湿地作为研究对象,分别在6、8和10月下旬分层采集土壤水溶液(0-60era),测定土壤水可溶性有机碳(DOC)和其他几种元素的质量浓度,研究三江平原典型岛状林湿地土壤水DOC质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,岛状林湿地土壤水DOC质量浓度具有明显的季节变化规律,6月份土壤水DOC质量浓度最高,10月份次之,8月份最低.土壤水DOC质量浓度还具有明显的垂直分布规律,从土壤表层向下,随深度增加,土壤水DOC质量浓度先减小后增加,剖面层次之间土壤水DOC质量浓度差异显著(P(0.05).不同月份之间土壤水DOC质量浓度的垂直分布特征存在差异性,但差异不显著(P-41.061).土壤有机质数量和分布、土壤的冻融作用、土壤矿物吸附作用是引起土壤水DOC质量浓度分布的主要原因,采样点的排水状况也对土壤水DOC的分布有重要影响.另外,岛状林湿地土壤水DOC质量浓度与TOC、TC、Fe2+、TP、N03‘呈显著相关关系,与NH4+、P043-、TN、pH存在一定相关关系,说明土壤水DOC质量浓度的分布还与其他各种元素迁移、转化紧密相关,尤其营养元素.     

短期氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤 可溶性有机碳的影响

在江苏省北部杨树人工林集中分布区开展短期氮添加实验,以研究表层土壤(0～10 cm)可溶性有机碳的响应规律。结果显示:杨树人工林表层土壤可溶性有机碳随着氮添加浓度上升呈现增加趋势,林龄间差异逐渐减小; 对表层土壤可溶性有机碳影响因子分析发现,短期氮添加过程中土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤可溶性有机碳动态的相关性最大,与相对于凋落物量和细根生物量没有明显相关关系,说明短期外源氮素输入会导致土壤微生物生物量的增加,从而引起作为微生物代谢产物的土壤可溶性有机碳浓度的上升。     

草地造林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳下降

为了解天然草地造林后土壤可溶性有机碳的变化,以河北塞罕坝的羊草草甸草原以及在草甸草原上营造的樟子松人工林和落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了3种植被类型土壤表层0-30cm的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤总有机碳和土壤全氮等指标。结果表明,人工针叶林的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮含量均低于草甸草原,天然草地营造人工针叶林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮都有所下降,人工林生态系统的土壤异质性低于草甸草原。     

Bacterial carbon processing by generalist species in the coastal ocean

The assimilation and mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by marine bacterioplankton is a major process in the ocean carbon cycle. However, little information exists on the specific metabolic functions of participating bacteria and on whether individual taxa specialize on particular components of the marine DOC pool. Here we use experimental metagenomics to show that coastal communities are populated by taxa capable of metabolizing a wide variety of organic carbon compounds. Genomic DNA captured from bacterial community subsets metabolizing a single model component of the DOC pool (either dimethylsulphoniopropionate or vanillate) showed substantial overlap in gene composition as well as a diversity of carbon-processing capabilities beyond the selected phenotypes. Our direct measure of niche breadth for bacterial functional assemblages indicates that, in accordance with ecological theory, heterogeneity in the composition and supply of organic carbon to coastal oceans may favour generalist bacteria. In the important interplay between microbial community structure and biogeochemical cycling, coastal heterotrophic communities may be controlled less by transient changes in the carbon reservoir that they process and more by factors such as trophic interactions and physical conditions.     

The biogeochemical behavior of dissolved aluminum in the southern Yellow Sea: Influence of the spring phytoplankton bloom

Many recent studies have investigated the nutrient-type profiles of dissolved aluminum(Al) in the ocean.Significant scavenging of dissolved Al can occur during phytoplankton blooms,but the mechanism remains unclear.The distribution of dissolved Al in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) was investigated in winter and spring 2009.Following measurements at grid stations during the spring sampling cruise,two drifting anchor surveys of more than 100 h were conducted to trace the variation of dissolved Al concentration during the spring phytoplankton bloom(SPB).The concentration of dissolved Al in the SYS decreased from 40 nmol/L in February to 30 nmol/L in March and 10-20 nmol/L in April,while the concentration of Chl a increased from < 2 μg/L in March to > 4 μg/L in April.The concentration of dissolved Al in the SYS decreased significantly with the development of the phytoplankton bloom,which indicated biological scavenging of dissolved Al from water column.The proportion of dissolved Al scavenged from water column by different phytoplankton species differed at the two drifting stations,with greater removal efficiency demonstrated by diatoms than dinoflagellates.Phytoplankton samples collected from the Chl a maximum layer were washed with trace metal clean reagent(oxalate-EDTA-citrate,abbreviate as oxalate solution,Tovar-Sanchez et al.,2003) to enable the surface-scavenged(extracellular) and intracellular Al pools associated with phytoplankton to be differentiated.Thirty-nine to ninetysix percent of the total Al was found to be existed in the interior pools,which indicated that biological absorption was the important way to scavenge dissolved Al during phytoplankton blooms in the SYS.     

Distribution and partition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water of the Zhujiang River Estuary

The spatial, temporal, and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined, and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study. The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons. The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005, when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary, than in October 2005, when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary. The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary, and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon （DOC） dependence. The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous, and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time. Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases, but their effects varied with the water properties.     

不同水文条件下黄河三角洲湿地土壤溶解性有机碳的分布特征

为了探究不同水文条件下滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）的分布特征,本研究选取黄河三角洲自然保护区内的淡水芦苇湿地（FPW）、受潮汐影响的咸水芦苇湿地（TPW）、非淹水芦苇湿地（NPW）和受潮汐影响的盐地碱蓬湿地（TSW）为研究样地,在2018年10月（秋季）、2018年12月（冬季）和2019年4月（春季）采集0~25 cm深度的土壤剖面样品,测定土壤DOC和其他土壤理化性质．研究结果表明,NPW土壤DOC质量分数总体高于其他3种湿地,3个采样季节中的DOC最大平均质量分数为18.54 mg·kg?1（冬季）．TSW、NPW、FPW和TPW土壤DOC平均质量分数分别为7.75、16.03、9.07和9.40 mg·kg?1．沿0~25 cm土壤剖面,DOC质量分数总体呈现下降趋势,表层土壤DOC质量分数最高．主成分分析和相关性分析结果表明,土壤盐离子和土壤质地是影响湿地土壤DOC质量分数的主要因素．同时,通过三维荧光光谱对各类湿地土壤DOC来源分析表明,湿地土壤DOC来源较复杂,内生源和外部输入对不同水文条件下土壤DOC具有不同的贡献．      

红壤丘陵区不同地类活性有机碳分布特征及与草本生物量关系

以南方红壤丘陵区荒地、松林、草地坡地小区为研究对象,在研究了土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳和草本生物量分布特征影响规律的基础上,深入探讨了不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳与草本生物量的定量关系.结果表明不同土地利用方式对土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)以及草本生物量的分布特征均有重要影响,其中草地坡面小区的活性有机碳各组分和草本生物量均高于荒地和松林小区;定量关系研究表明,影响荒地、松林和草地草本生物量的活性有机碳组分分别为DOC,ROC,DOC和MBC,其中荒地坡面DOC主要通过土壤有机碳(SOC)对草本生物量产生影响.     

活性炭吸附对垃圾渗滤液中DOC与UV254相关性的影响

废水的DOC与UV254虽然具有良好的相关性．但是,实验证明,活性炭吸附单元操作前后相关参数会发生变化．用UV254替代DOC指标评价废水中有机物含量时,必须与具体水处理过程条件结合,才能准确表达DOC指标．     

A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.