井筒与油藏耦合条件下的水平井非稳态产能预测(Ⅰ)——数学模型

如何准确有效地预测水平井产能是进行油藏工程分析和采油工艺设计的重要基础,常规的稳态产能预测方法由于内在理论缺陷导致严重的误差。以不稳态渗流理论为基础,将水平井的油藏渗流与水平井井筒流动视为一个相互作用的整体,建立油藏与井筒耦合条件下的不稳态流动数学模型,在井筒流动模型中考虑流体磨阻、动量变化、井筒壁面流入的混合干扰等复杂因素,应用边界积分法建立井筒油藏耦合模型,可以与不同的油藏模型组合,从而为水平井的油藏工程研究、完井及采油工程设计提供更先进的手段。     

低渗透底水油藏长水平井产能公式

低渗透底水油藏长水平井产能对长水平井开发可行性论证及优化有重要指导意义。依据渗流力学与油藏工程相关理论方法,在考虑低渗透底水油藏的各向异性、启动压力梯度、定压边界特征及长水平井流场特征的基础上,运用流场劈分、镜像反映原理、等值渗流阻力法及复势理论推导了低渗透底水油藏长水平井稳态产能公式,并通过实例计算研究了避水高度与启动压力梯度对产量的影响。发现产量随无因次避水高度增加而降低,并综合确定最佳无因次避水高度为0.5;启动压力梯度增加,产油量降低;启动压力梯度越大,油藏各向异性对底水油藏长水平井开发的产能影响越小。     

致密气藏压裂水平井产能影响因素分析

针对致密气藏水平井开发产能主控因素难以明确的问题，基于致密储层渗流理论，建立了考虑应力敏感因素的压裂水平井渗流模型，根据渗流模型分析了裂缝条数、裂缝长度、裂缝导流能力以及应力敏感等因素对水平井产能的影响。结果表明，压裂水平井单井产能随着裂缝条数增多、裂缝半长增大及导流能力增强而增大，随着应力敏感的增强而减小。通过定量比对，明确了各因素与压裂水平井产量的相关性为：裂缝数量>裂缝半长>应力敏感>导流能力。该项研究对水平井产能评价以及致密气藏水平井开发井网正确部署具有一定的指导意义。     

低渗透底水油藏长水平井产能分析

低渗透底水油藏长水平井产能对长水平井开发可行性论证及优化有重要指导意义。依据渗流力学与油藏工程相关理论方法,在考虑低渗透底水油藏的各向异性、启动压力梯度、定压边界特征及长水平井流场特征的基础上,运用流场劈分、镜像反应原理、等值渗流阻力法及复势理论推导了低渗透底水油藏长水平井稳态产能公式,并通过实例计算研究了避水高度与启动压力梯度对产量的影响。发现产量随无因次避水高度增加而降低,并综合确定最佳无因次避水高度为0.5;启动压力梯度增加,产量降低;启动压力梯度越大,油藏各向异性对底水油藏长水平井开发的产能影响越小。     

水平井体积压裂基质-裂缝渗流规律分析

为了揭示水平井体积压裂流体渗流特征和优化裂缝参数,基于流体在基质改造区、未改造区、裂缝中的渗流特征,建立了一种新的水平井基质-裂缝流动模型,利用修正贝塞尔函数求得模型解析解,与现有模型和数值结果对比,验证了模型可靠性。研究了缝间距、导流能力、缝长和基质渗透率对流体渗流的影响。结果表明,缝间距越大,渗流距离越长,未改造区越大,渗流阻力越大;施工液量恒定时,产量随缝长的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;基质渗透率越小,裂缝越趋近为无限导流裂缝。相比于改造区渗透率,裂缝之间未改造区渗透率对产量的影响更大。     

基于序列二次规划算法的射孔水平井孔眼分布优化

基于Landman稳态渗流模型和Su井筒压降模型,考虑射孔密度对水平井产能的影响,建立以水平井产能为目标函数、孔眼位置分布为优化设计变量的两类产能优化模型.采用序列二次规划算法求解优化模型,并对无限导流和有限导流水平井的射孔密度分布进行优化.结果表明:优化射孔能有效地改善沿井筒入流剖面;射孔水平井存在最佳的射孔密度分布;为得到最大产量,无限导流井的射孔密度呈"U"型分布,有限导流水平井的射孔密度沿跟部到趾部方向逐渐降低,约在井筒长度的3/4位置处取得最小值;若要使沿井筒入流剖面尽可能均匀,则无限导流井的射孔密度呈"∩"型分布,有限导流井的射孔密度沿跟部到趾部方向逐渐升高,约在井筒长度的3/4位置处取得最大值,但最大产量略有降低.     

裂缝面非均匀流入的低渗透油藏压裂水平井非稳态产量计算

基于瞬时点源函数和叠加原理,考虑压裂水平井裂缝段产量非均匀流入、裂缝内变质量以及多裂缝间的相互干扰,采用空间和时间离散技术,建立低渗透油藏压裂水平井储层渗流和裂缝流动相耦合的非稳态产量计算模型。研究结果表明:以往将裂缝考虑为无限导流或者将裂缝考虑为均匀产量流入的平面径向流假设使得计算结果比实际产量偏高;在早期非稳态流动阶段,裂缝产量在井筒附近出现局部峰值,并且储层渗透率越高,裂缝导流能力越小,峰值越明显;在拟稳态生产阶段,低导流能力裂缝的流量分布趋于均匀,而高导流能力裂缝内流量分布进一步非均匀化;为了获得压裂水平井的最佳生产效果,存在与储层渗透率相匹配的最优裂缝导流能力。     

一种压裂水平井不稳定晚期产能预测模型

水平井压裂后流体渗流理论备受国内外学者的重视,现有的水平井压裂后产能预测模型大部分都关注的是压裂后水平井稳态渗流过程产量的计算,而对于整个生产渗流的过程一般都是由不稳定渗流和稳定(拟稳定)渗流两部分组成的,若需要准确的掌握油藏的生产动态,也需要不稳定阶段的产能预测;但是压裂水平井的不稳定渗流模型仅针对不稳定早期阶段,并未涉及压力波传到边界之后不稳定晚期渗流问题。为此,对于一口径向封闭的均质地层可以通过应用复位势理论和压降叠加原理等渗流力学理论,推导出适用于压裂水平井不稳定晚期的流体渗流模型。该模型考虑了裂缝间干扰、裂缝的非对称性、不同裂缝方位角和不同裂缝间距等参数的影响,可更好用于模拟水平井压裂后生产的渗流规律,并选取压裂水平井实例进行产量的计算分析。这对于水平井压裂效果预测和参数优化设计具有指导意义。     

大庆外围油田压裂水平井参数优选及渗流特征

 压裂水平井已成为开采特低渗透油藏的重要手段.为深入了解压裂参数及渗流规律对水平井开发效果的影响,针对大庆外围某特低渗透油藏水平井开发的实例,应用特低渗透非线性渗流理论,建立了考虑非线性渗流的数学模型,给出已钻水平井的最优压裂参数,研究了不同渗流规律下压裂水平井的渗流特征.结果表明,在水平井水平段长度、压裂缝长一定的条件下,裂缝条数和裂缝间距对开发效果的影响显著;裂缝条数越少,裂缝间距对水平井产能影响越大;裂缝条数大于3条,裂缝间距的影响减小;对比了达西渗流规律和考虑启动压力梯度的非线性渗流规律下压裂水平井的渗流特征,非线性渗流模型计算的水平井产油量较低,见水后含水上升速度较快,剩余油饱和度较高;非线性渗流模型中注水井井筒附近和主流线附近的压力等值线密集,能量消耗大,压力梯度高,水平井井筒附近压力梯度较大,但低于直井;非线性渗流模型的地层渗透率与压力梯度呈正比关系.     

多层断块油藏台阶水平井渗流模型研究

多层复杂断块油藏台阶式水平井开采的渗流机理和规律复杂。本文以非稳态流动数学模型为基础,建立了封闭油藏中一口穿过多个互不连通油藏的台阶式水平井与油藏耦合的渗流数学模型,并采用拉普拉斯变化、Stehfest反演以及共轭梯度法等方法进行求解,获取了不同时刻的压力分布结果和不同井段的产量分布结果。利用该模型与saphir软件计算结果进行对比,模型的可靠性强。利用该模型对某两层断块油藏进行了实例研究,在对油藏形状简化的基础上,利用两台阶水平井模型进行了模拟计算,能够准确计算出不同生产阶段的井底压力和井筒产量分布。为多层断块油藏采用台阶水平井开发的油藏工程研究和采油工程设计提供了理论依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with