Le “Commentaire” d'Hipparque II. Position de 78 étoiles

Summary The following paper is the second part of a study devoted to the only preserved work of Hipparchus, his Commentary to Aratus. The first part, published in 1984, was based on the hypothesis that Hipparchus wrote his treatise with the help of a mobile sphere and led us to the determination of some features of that instrument. The coordinates of 78 stars, which are given below, have been obtained on the basis of the same hypothesis and using results already published. The stars selected are those for which the text connects numerical data to at least two events out of rising, setting or culmination. An analysis of the positions shows that the stars have been located on the sphere in an equatorial frame slightly different from the rotation axis frame. Statistical data processing shows that the stars were plotted on the sphere as circles rather than as points: the celestial coordinates of the stars are then those of the center of the disc, whose radius was determined. The position of a few stars could be evaluated thanks to the determination of an approximate value of the cubit used by Hipparchus. Lastly, the time of the observations was confirmed to be –140±25 years.The study confirms the basic hypothesis and throws light on the part played by the mobile sphere when the heavens are being described. It gives a better idea of the difficulties of constructing the instrument and of the ways of using it; a more detailed model of Hipparchus' mobile sphere will allow a more thorough investigation of all stars mentioned in the Commentary.

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Présenté par J. North     

Antibody against purified viper neurotoxin

Résumé L'anticorps contre la neurotoxine du venin deVipera palestinae est obtenu chez des lapins par immunisation de la neurotoxine purifiée liée à la cellulose carbométhylique.

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This work is part of a thesis submitted byN. Shaham to the

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This work is part of a thesis submitted byN. Shaham to the

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This work is part of a thesis submitted byN. Shaham to the

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This work is part of a thesis submitted byN. Shaham to the

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This work is part of a thesis submitted byN. Shaham to the     

Die physikalische Kieme der Wasserinsekten

Summary The air stores carried by a number of aquatic insects have: a) a hydrostatic function (Brocher, Oortwijn-Botjes, Thorpe, andCrisp); b) the function of an oxygen store (Ege, de Ruiter et al.) and c) the function of a physical gill (Strauss-Durckheim, Ege, etc.). The fact that oxygen is taken up from water with the aid of an air bubble was demonstrated forNotonecta by comparing the life time of insects with and without physical gill (while replenishing the oxygen store from the air was prevented) byEge, and forCorixa byPopham, whileVlasblom determined the oxygen uptake from water with and without air bubble forNotonecta, Naucoris, Corixa, Sigara andNepa. Nepa andSigara can take up considerable quantities of oxygen by cutaneous respiration.During the summer, the gill function of the air store ofNotonecta andNaucoris is of importance only when a water current passes along the animal, caused by ventilation movements of the legs (de Ruiter et al.). At low temperatures, however, the metabolic rate is so low that in many instances the physical gill provides the oxygen required without ventilation movements.An apparatus for the simultaneous determination of oxygen uptake from air and water (Wolvekamp andVlasblom) gave results that provided a means of evaluating the importance of the physical gill function.In some cases, the air store, although in direct contact with the water, does not need to be replenished. InAphelocheirus andElmis, the negative pressure in the bubble, caused by oxygen consumption and the diffusing out of part of the nitrogen, is compensated for by the mechanical resistance of a feltwork of thin hairs and the surface tension of the boundary layer of the water (Thorpe andCrisp). In the African beetle,Potamodytes, the unprotected air bubble is permanent because the strong river currents produce a lowered pressure around the animal according toBernoulli's principle (Stride).     

The isolation and amino acid sequences of new pyroglutamylpeptides from snake venoms

Zusammenfassung Die Strukturaufklärung von zwei neuen tryptophanhaltigen Peptiden im Schlangengift vonAgkistrodon halys blomhoffii ergeben:l-Pyroglutamyl-l-Glutaminyl-l-Tryptophan undl-Pyroglutamyl-l-Asparaginyl-l-Tryptophan. Diese Peptide sind in Schlangengiften der Viperidae- und Crotalidae-Arten verbreitet.

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Supported in part by a grant from the Ministry of Education (Japan).     

Locomotory energetics in a marsupial (Antechinomys spenceri) and a rodent (Notomys alexis)

Summary Steady state oxygen consumption was compared in a rodentNotomys alexis and a marsupialAntechinomys spenceri. The marsupial was found to diverge from predicted eutherian energetic patterns.N. alexis appears to use energy storage as a significant part of the step cycle before becoming bipedal. Aerobic scope and heat storage during running are similar in both species.We thankP. Baverstock, C. Watts andH. Aslin for the use of theAntechinomys, Ms.B. Whaite for assistance. Supported by Grants from the Nuffield Foundation, the Ingram Trust and the Flinders University Research Committee to RVB.     

The deamino derivatives of [4-threonine]-oxytocin and [4-threonine]-mesotocin; Analogs possessing a surprising spectrum of diminished pharmacological activities

Zusammenfassung Synthese (Merrifield-Methode) und pharmakologische Eigenschaften der Desamino-Derivate von (4-Threonin)-Oxytocin und (4-Threonin)-Mesoxytocin werden beschrieben.

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This work was supported in part by the Medical College of Ohio, a Contract (No. 69-2193) from the Center for Population Research of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Research Grants from the National Science Foundation (No. GB-4932), the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (No. AM-01940) and a General Research Support Grant to Columbia University from the National Institutes of Health. The authors wish to thank Mrs.Sara Crumm for performing the amino acid analyses and Mrs.Margot Acosta for performing the bioassays. An abstract of part of this work was presented at the 2nd American Peptide Symposium, Cleveland, Ohio, August 1970;M. Manning andW. H. Sawyer,Peptides (Ed.Saul Lande, Gordon and Breach, New York 1971), in press.     

Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems spegazzinine and spegazzinidine

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Protonresonanz und massenspektrometrischen Messungen werden die Strukturen III und VII für die Aspidosperma-Alkaloide Spegazzinidin und Spegazzinin vorgeschlagen.

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This paper represents part III. For preceding paper seeB. Gilbert, J. Ferreira, R. J. Owellen, C. E. Swanholm, H. Budzikiewicz, L. J. Durham, andC. Djerassi, Tetrahedron Letters,1962, 59.

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This paper represents Part VI in the La Plata seriesEstudios sobre Plantas; for paper V seeT. Nakano, C. Djerassi, R. A. Corral, andO. O. Orazi, J. org. Chem.26, 1184 (1961).     

Dedekinds „Bunte Bemerkungen“ zu Kroneckers „Grundzüge“

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von M. Kline The work of H. Edwards was supported by part by the U. S. National Science Foundation Grant SOC-7905162 and by the Vaughn Foundation.     

A new guanidine alkaloid

Zusammenfassung Ein neues Alkaloid, Pterogynin, wurde aus der Rinde vonPterogyne nitens Tul. (Leguminosae) isoliert und seine Struktur bestimmt. Es handelt sich um das N,N-Di(isopenten-2-yl)-guanidin.

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Part XIV ofStudies on Plants; proceding part, R. A.Corral, O. O.Orazi and I. A.Benages, Tetrahedron Letters545 (1968).     

R?le du ganglion frontal sur le rythme cardiaque chezLocusta migratoria L.

Summary Removal of the frontal ganglion results in a decrease of the cardiac rhythm which is more important than the one following starvation in the adults of both sexes ofLocusta migratoria. This decrease may be due in part to the reduction of protein metabolism but also, according toStrong ⁸ andClarke andAnstee ^7,9, to interruption of the normal activity of the CA brought on by frontalectomy.     

Conformational control of bond migration in the D-homo rearrangement of 17-hydroxy-20-keto steroids

The concept of conformational control of bond migration in the trnsition state to theD-homo-annulation of 17-hydroxy-20-keto steroids appears to provide a unified rationale for the observed phenomena.Contribution from Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J., presented before the North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society byN. L. Wendler as part of a lecture entitledStereochemical Effects Attending D-Ring Rearrangements in Steroids, February 3, 1959.     

The role of glycine in the biosynthesis of a terpene

Zusammenfassung Mit doppelt markiertem Glycin konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Kohlenstoffatom der Methylgruppe viel besser als das Kohlenstoffatom der Karboxylgruppe in die Isoprengruppe des Ophiobolins B ausCochiobolus miyabeanus eingebaut wird. Die Radioaktivität wird in Ophiobolin B eingebaut, wenn die folgenden Verbindungen verwendet werden: [3-¹⁴C]-Serin, [¹⁴C-Methyl]-Sarcosin, [¹⁴C-Methyl]-Methionin, und [¹⁴C] Formate.

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a)Studies on Biosynthesis. Part V. for Part IV, seeM. Anchel, A. K. Bose, K. S. Khanchandani andP. T. Funke, Phytochem.9, 2135 (1970). b) Presented in part at the 3rd Natural Products Symposium, University of West Indies, Jamaica, January 1970.

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The support of this research by Stevens Institute of Technology is gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank Dr.J. H. Davis and Prof.L. Z. Pollara for their interest and encouragement and Drs.H. Levy, P. T. Funke, M. S. Manhas, P. K. Bhattacharyya andM. Anchel for valuable discussions and help with some of the experiments. We are particularly thankful to Dr.L. Canonica for providing us with cultures ofCochiobolus miyabeanus that made our work on ophiobolin B possible.     

Steroid stereochemistry

Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die angewandten Methoden zur Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration in Steroidseitenketten wurde gegeben. Die allgemeine Anwendung derR- undS-Regel wurde empfohlen.

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In part, a summary of recommendations presented by the author to a National Academy of Sciences and National Research Councilad hoc Committee on Steroid Nomenclature (R. C. Elderfield, Chairman); October 13–15, 1961, Columbus (Ohio). The meeting of thead hoc committee was made possible by a grant from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

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Part XV of a series entitledSteroid and Related Natural Products. Refer toG. R. Pettit andP. Hofer, Exper.19, 67 (1963), for the preceding contribution.     

Antischistosomal and some toxicological properties of a nitrodiphenylaminoisothiocyanate (C 9333-Go/CGP 4540)

Summary A procedure to enhance the schistosomicidal effectiveness in vivo of an isothiocyanate derivative and some of its antischistosomal properties are reported. Determinations of the effects of this compound on tissue thiol levels and on highly sensitive bacterial tester strains have indicated that its mutagenic potential is of a low order and that the latter is decreased further after reduction of the host's intestinal bacterial flora.Acknowledgments. Supported, in part, by grants No. AI-08022 and No. GM-16492 from the National Institutes of Health, and No. 274-0063 (JHU No. 1) from The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to Dr.H. Striebel and Dr.F. Kradolfer of Ciba-Geigy for providing us with the isothiocyanate derivative and with information about its biological activities, and to Dr.H. van der Schalie and to Dr.H. Blankespoor of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for supplying us with mice infected with 3 strains ofS. japonicum (under contract No. N01-AI-42504, NIH).     

Démonstration du caractère géographique de la parthénogénèse deSaga pedo Pallas et de sa polyploïdie,par comparaison avec les espèces bisexuéesS. ephippigera Fisch. etS. gracilipes Uvar

Summary The males of two species of Palestine,Saga ephippigera Fisch. andS. gracilipes Uvar have respectively 33 and 31 chromosomes in the diploid state.S. pedo Pallas, a parthenogenetic thelytoc species largely distributed in Europe, has 68 chromosomes and probably represents a tetraploid. The cells of the three species have identical dimensions and the polyploidS. pedo is even the smallest in size.     

Interaction oft alleles at theT locus in the house mouse

Zusammenfassung Mehrfach wurde gezeigt, dass zwei rezessive letale Allele in der Hausmaus (t ^o undt ¹) lebensfähige normale Tiere in heterozygoter Kombinationt ⁰/t ¹ produzieren. Neuere Daten machen wahrscheinlich, dass dast ¹-Allel mutativ abänderte, so dass sowohl seine homozygote Wirkung als auch die Zusammenwirkung mitt ⁰ beeinflusst worden ist. Hingegen sind Kombinationen vont ⁰ und dem neuen Allel nicht mehr lebensfähig, und Homozygote sterben erst nach der Implantation.

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This work was supported in part by Research Grant B-931 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and in part by a grant-in-aid from the American Cancer Society.

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Part of the data reported in this paper were submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., byAnna C. Pai who would like to express her deepest appreciation to ProfessorJane M. Oppenheimer for her guidance during the course of the work.     

Sterols of the lobster (Homarus americanus) and the shrimp (Pandalus borealis)

Summary In this study we have analyzed the sterol compositions of two continental shelf species of crustacea, the lobster (Homarus americanus) and the shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Cholesterol was found to be the most abundant sterol in these two species with smaller amounts of desmosterol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and 22-dehydrocholesterol. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Contribution Number 3494. This work was supported by the Office of Sea Grant of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Special thanks are extended to Ms.R. Beebe-Center, who was responsible for a large part of the isolation work described here.     

Conditioned seizures susceptibility in the hamster induced by prior auditory exposure

Zusammenfassung Nachweis audiosensibilisierter Anfälle beim HamsterMesocricetus auratus nach Konditionierung auf akustischen Reiz.

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Supported in part by grant No. EC 00447-01 from the PHS. We thank Mrs.Barbara Beagle for technical assistance.     

Der Mathematiker Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754)

Summary Before examining de Moivre's contributions to the science of mathematics, this article reviews the source materials, consisting of the printed works and the correspondence of de Moivre, and constructs his biography from them.The analytical part examines de Moivre's contributions and achievements in the study of equations, series, and the calculus of probability. De Moivre contributed to the continuing development from Viète to Abel and Galois of the theory of solving equations by means of constructing particular equations, the roots of which can be written in the form . He also discovered the reciprocal equations. In the course of this work de Moivre discovered an expression equivalent to (cos +i sin ) ⁿ =cos n +i sin n and, following Cotes, he succeeded in expressing the nth roots of unity in trigonometric form.In the theory of series, de Moivre developed a polynomial theorem encom-passing Newton's binomial theorem and, in particular, a theorem of recurrent series useful in the calculus of probability.The demands of the calculus of probability led de Moivre to an approximation for the binomial coefficients for large values of n. The interaction between de Moivre and James Stirling, particularly in regard to the asymptotic series for log (n!), is treated at length. This work supplied the foundation for de Moivre's limit theorem for the binomial distribution.The calculus of probability, which occupied him from 1708 onward, became in time ever more the center of de Moivre's inquiries. Proceeding from contemporary collections of gambling exercises, de Moivre, by introducing an explicit measure of probability for the so-called Laplace experiments, found the beginnings of a theory of probability. De Moivre expanded the classic application of probability calculus to games of chance by addressing himself to the problem of annuities and by adopting Halley's work with its conception of Probability of life. De Moivre was the first to publish a mathematically formulated law for the decrements of life derived from mortality tables.

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Abkürzungen a.a.O. am angegebenen Ort = Verweis auf das nach Verfassern alphabetisch geordnete Literaturverzeichnis. Eine vor a.a.O. in runden Klammern angegebene Zahl kennzeichnet die entsprechende Nummer der im Literaturverzeichnis aufgeführten Arbeiten eines Autors. - AC Ars conjectandi = Jakob Bernoulli (4) a.a.O. - AE Acta Eruditorum - a.S. alter Stil⁴⁷ - BM Bibliotheca Mathematica - DMV Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung - JL Journal Literaire - MA Miscellanea Analytica, London 1730 - n.S. neuer Stil⁴⁷ - PT Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - r.F. rekurrente Folge - r.R. rekurrente Reihe - SMA Miscellaneis Analyticis Supplementum, London 1730 - v. veröffentlicht (nur im Briefverzeichnis verwendet) Prof. Dr. Kurt Vogel zum 80. Geburtstag Vorgelegt von J. E. Hofmann     

Synthetic peptides related to caerulein1. Note 1

Riassunto Vengono descritte le proprietà di una serie di peptidi sintetici affini alla ceruleina e si discutono brevemente i rapporti fra attività e struttura.

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A. Anastasi, V. Erspamer andR. Endean, Experientia23, 699 (1967).

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This work was in part supported by grants from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma.