自然科学如何是诠释学的?

近代科学革命以前的自然科学是诠释学的。就近现代自然科学而言，在存在论的意义上，它完全是诠释学的；在方法论的意义上，它的基础是诠释学的，但常规的自然科学研究却不是诠释学的。     

科学与技术：欧洲未来的关键——欧盟委员会提出未来支持研究的政策

2004年 6月,欧盟委员会公布了未来欧盟支持研究活动的政策, 提出了 6个重点目标,并提出了需要集中支持的重点课题,以及实现这些目标最有效的方式。它意味着欧盟 2007年至 2013年预算将大幅度增加。欧盟委员会提出这些意见还只是第一步,随后从 2004年 7月至 2004年 10月进行了广泛的咨询和辩论,来自欧盟及之外的 1 700多个组织和个人发表了意见。咨询结果表明,公众对欧盟委员会提出的建议给予了强有力的支持,其中 97%对加强支持欧洲范围的研究给予肯定, 80%以上认为提出的 6个目标是重要或非常重要的。在对其依据和影响进行全面评估之后,…     

朝向一个科学历史性的科学哲学

科学史与科学哲学从概念上来说分属于事实与观念，科学史是事实的搜集，科学哲学则是对科学发展规律的认知。二者的融合与互动，造就了朝向一个科学历史性的科学哲学。科学的归纳推理总不止是单纯的搜集事实，不仅要把事实收集在一起，而且要以新观点审视它们。同时还要引入一种新的精神因素，为了进行归纳需要有一种特殊的精神素质和训练。当代每一学科科学史发展与学科规律认识正在促进科学史与科学哲学的融合与互动以及科学本身的发展。     

Mathematics as a Quasi-Empirical Science

The present paper aims at showing that there are times when set theoretical knowledge increases in a non-cumulative way. In other words, what we call ‘set theory’ is not one theory which grows by simple addition of a theorem after the other, but a finite sequence of theories T ₁, ..., T _n in which T _i+1, for 1 ≤ i < n, supersedes T _i . This thesis has a great philosophical significance because it implies that there is a sense in which mathematical theories, like the theories belonging to the empirical sciences, are fallible and that, consequently, mathematical knowledge has a quasi-empirical nature. The way I have chosen to provide evidence in favour of the correctness of the main thesis of this article consists in arguing that Cantor–Zermelo set theory is a Lakatosian Mathematical Research Programme (MRP).     

作为人文科学的心理学

心理学中一直存在自然科学和人文科学两种研究取向，前者是主流，后者是非主流。自然科学研究取向的心理学对整个世界心理学的发展作出了重要贡献，但它也存在一些偏差。人文科学研究取向的心理学对心理学研究中“科学主义”的超越以及它的方法论原则凸显了其存在的合理性与必要性。     

Towards a Radical Constructivist Understanding of Science

Constructivism is the idea thatwe construct our own world rather than it beingdetermined by an outside reality. Its mostconsistent form, Radical Constructivism (RC),claims that we cannot transcend ourexperiences. Thus it doesn't make sense to saythat our constructions gradually approach thestructure of an external reality. The mind isnecessarily an epistemological solipsist, incontrast to being an ontological solipsist whomaintains that this is all there is, namely asingle mind within which the only world exists.RC recognizes the impossibility of the claimthat the world does not exist. Yet, RC has thepotential to go much further. I claim that RCprovides the foundation of a new world-view inwhich we can overcome hard scientific problems.Thus, the paper is urging us to carry RCfurther, not just on philosophical grounds, butalso into the domain of science.     

从道德—价值的观点看科学

在《民主为何需要科学》中,科林斯和埃文斯阐述了他们多年科学研究的集成之思。本文将其概括为"从道德—价值的观点看科学",并从四个方面诠解。这四个方面是:从道德-价值的观点对科学进行理解与辩护;从应然的视角对科学规范进行新阐解;基于事实与价值的二分创生技术决策的新制度—"猫头鹰";从科学作为好的价值观源泉回答民主为何需要科学的问题。尽管有必要"从道德—价值的观点看科学",但阐论还需细致化,需保持开放的姿态,在理解与批判中反思科学研究的历史与现状。     

Agnostic Science. Towards a Philosophy of Data Analysis

In this paper we will offer a few examples to illustrate the orientation of contemporary research in data analysis and we will investigate the corresponding role of mathematics. We argue that the modus operandi of data analysis is implicitly based on the belief that if we have collected enough and sufficiently diverse data, we will be able to answer most relevant questions concerning the phenomenon itself. This is a methodological paradigm strongly related, but not limited to, biology, and we label it the microarray paradigm. In this new framework, mathematics provides powerful techniques and general ideas which generate new computational tools. But it is missing any explicit isomorphism between a mathematical structure and the phenomenon under consideration. This methodology used in data analysis suggests the possibility of forecasting and analyzing without a structured and general understanding. This is the perspective we propose to call agnostic science, and we argue that, rather than diminishing or flattening the role of mathematics in science, the lack of isomorphisms with phenomena liberates mathematics, paradoxically making more likely the practical use of some of its most sophisticated ideas.     

自然化社会科学的形成、特征和意义

以科学的观点探讨哲学问题,是当代科学哲学所倡导的基本研究策略。在此观念影响下,进化生物学、认知科学、神经科学等经验科学,普遍渗透于当代社会科学研究模式之中,成为自然化社会科学得以形成的内在动力。文章通过对连续性关系的澄清与复合式本体论的构建,描述了自然化社会科学理论的两个显著特征。社会科学采用"自然化"的研究视角,为当代社会科学本体论的"统一"、"科学性"的辩护,提供了可供选择的研究路径。     

中国的科学界亟待补课

新中国50年，原创性科学理论凤毛麟角，国际一流科学家出之甚少。尤其令人担忧的是，而今学术腐败不断升温；抄袭、剽窃、弄虚作假屡屡发生。究其原因，除了沉闷幽闭的文化环境、心浮气燥的学术氛围、薄弱无根的科技基础、缺漏不全的法规体制等因素外，主要就是研究传统和思维方式的陈旧，因此中国科学要想腾飞，除需加大资金投入，关键是要培养科学家的理论创新能力，补哲学方法、后现代思潮和各种创造性思维的课，否则花再多的钱，也不会从僵硬的脑袋里进发出超越万物、跨越时空的科学理论来。     

Modelling Abduction in Science by means of a Modal Adaptive Logic

Scientists confronted with multiple explanatory hypotheses as a result of their abductive inferences, generally want to reason further on the different hypotheses one by one. This paper presents a modal adaptive logic MLA ^s that enables us to model abduction in such a way that the different explanatory hypotheses can be derived individually. This modelling is illustrated with a case study on the different hypotheses on the origin of the Moon.     

墨家科学理性的形成及其中绝

对于墨家的科学理性及其形成,人们往往采取认识论的途径,直接诉之于其经验、逻辑或生活实用的说明.本文根据价值理性的定向与统摄作用,认为其形成主要是因为墨家的宗教意识撑开了其人文关怀与经验认知之间的张力,而其中绝则是传统的现实关怀及其收摄作用所致.因而,只有在人文关怀与科学理性之间保持足够的张力,才能成为双方相互促进乃至各自独立发展的动力.     

Forensic Science: Current State and Perspective by a Group of Early Career Researchers

Forensic science and its influence on policing and the criminal justice system have increased since the beginning of the twentieth century. While the philosophies of the forensic science pioneers remain the pillar of modern practice, rapid advances in technology and the underpinning sciences have seen an explosion in the number of disciplines and tools. Consequently, the way in which we exploit and interpret the remnant of criminal activity are adapting to this changing environment. In order to best exploit the trace, an interdisciplinary approach to both research and investigation is required. In this paper, nine postdoctoral research fellows from a multidisciplinary team discuss their vision for the future of forensic science at the crime scene, in the laboratory and beyond. This paper does not pretend to be exhaustive of all fields of forensic science, but describes a portion of the postdoctoral fellows’ interests and skills.     

论指称不是意义的一个成分

达米特提出的“指称不是意义的一个成分”的命题，在意义理论中具有重要的作用。对该命题的论证，从一个新的视角论证了弗雷格关于含义和指称的区别，论证了含义概念和含义理论的必要性，是对等同论证和认知论证的补充。     

马克斯·佩鲁茨（1914～2032）：科学不是一种平静的生活

马克斯·佩鲁茨(1914-2002),蛋白质晶体学家.因发现血红蛋白分子结构与肯德鲁共获1962年诺贝尔化学奖.他也是剑桥大学分子生物学实验室的创建人与第一任主任.同时,他还是一位关注科学人性力量的科普工作者.本文对佩鲁茨的生平与科学成就作了详细的论述.     

公众理解科学的理论演进——以米勒体系为线索

公众理解科学的研究由于多学科视角及各种研究进路的介入而呈现广泛且复杂的讨论态势。但是,以米勒体系作为线索,仍可探寻其理论演进的踪迹:"科学观"方面,从传统的实在论走向多元科学观的并存;"公众观"方面,对公众的多样化、主动性及其具体情境的认知;"理解"方面,对其内涵的扩展与自身情境的关注。     

马克斯·佩鲁茨(1914～2002):科学不是一种平静的生活

马克斯·佩鲁茨(1914-2002),蛋白质晶体学家。因发现血红蛋白分子结构与肯德鲁共获1962年诺贝尔化学奖。他也是剑桥大学分子生物学实验室的创建人与第一任主任。同时,他还是一位关注科学人性力量的科普工作者。本文对佩鲁茨的生平与科学成就作了详细的论述。     

从澳中科研合作报告看中澳科研合作的前景

2012年2月14日,澳大利亚工业、创新、科研与高等教育部公布了一份题为《澳大利亚与中国的科研合作》的报告,详细分析了在澳中经济社会发展、双边关系密切以及科研全球化背景下的澳中科研合作状况。中国与澳大利亚的科研合作关系已超过30年,这为未来合作奠定了良好的基础。两国科研人员和机构应积极利用已建立起来的机构和政府间合作框架,继续推进在创新和基础研究领域的合作。     

知识窗:科技词典释义的有益补充

知识窗是在编写《两岸科技常用词典》时使用的一种新的释义补充形式。其所含内容丰富,涉及知识领域较多,不仅弥补了科技词典中术语常规释义单一性的缺点,还增强了科技术语的知识性与实用性,使词典更好地发挥出工具书的作用。     

What Second Order Science Reveals About Scientific Claims: Incommensurability,Doubt, and a Lack of Explication

The traditional sciences often bracket away ambiguity through the imposition of “enabling constraints”—making a set of assumptions and then declaring ceteris paribus. These enabling constraints take the form of uncritically examined presuppositions or “uceps.” Second order science reveals hidden issues, problems and assumptions which all too often escape the attention of the practicing scientist. These hidden values—precisely because they are hidden and not made explicit—can get in the way of the public’s acceptance of a scientific claim. A conflict in understood meaning—between the scientist’s restricted claims and the public’s broader understanding of those same claims can result in cognitive dissonance or the equivalent of the Mori Uncanny Valley. Scientists often react to these differences by claiming “incommensurability” between their restricted claim and the public’s understanding. Second order science, by explicating the effects of variations in values assumed for these uceps and associated impacts on related scientific claims, can often moot these assertions of incommensurability and thereby promote greater scientific understanding. This article explores how second order science can address issues of public doubt regarding the scientific enterprise using examples from medicine, diet and climate science.