Nitrogen limitation of microbial decomposition in a grassland under elevated CO2

Carbon accumulation in the terrestrial biosphere could partially offset the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on atmospheric CO2. The net impact of increased CO2 on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is unclear, however, because elevated CO2 effects on carbon input to soils and plant use of water and nutrients often have contrasting effects on microbial processes. Here we show suppression of microbial decomposition in an annual grassland after continuous exposure to increased CO2 for five growing seasons. The increased CO2 enhanced plant nitrogen uptake, microbial biomass carbon, and available carbon for microbes. But it reduced available soil nitrogen, exacerbated nitrogen constraints on microbes, and reduced microbial respiration per unit biomass. These results indicate that increased CO2 can alter the interaction between plants and microbes in favour of plant utilization of nitrogen, thereby slowing microbial decomposition and increasing ecosystem carbon accumulation.     

Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2

Enhanced plant biomass accumulation in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could dampen the future rate of increase in CO2 levels and associated climate warming. However, it is unknown whether CO2-induced stimulation of plant growth and biomass accumulation will be sustained or whether limited nitrogen (N) availability constrains greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched world. Here we show, after a six-year field study of perennial grassland species grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO2 and N, that low availability of N progressively suppresses the positive response of plant biomass to elevated CO2. Initially, the stimulation of total plant biomass by elevated CO2 was no greater at enriched than at ambient N supply. After four to six years, however, elevated CO2 stimulated plant biomass much less under ambient than enriched N supply. This response was consistent with the temporally divergent effects of elevated CO2 on soil and plant N dynamics at differing levels of N supply. Our results indicate that variability in availability of soil N and deposition of atmospheric N are both likely to influence the response of plant biomass accumulation to elevated atmospheric CO2. Given that limitations to productivity resulting from the insufficient availability of N are widespread in both unmanaged and managed vegetation, soil N supply is probably an important constraint on global terrestrial responses to elevated CO2.     

Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition

Human actions are causing declines in plant biodiversity, increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and increases in nitrogen deposition; however, the interactive effects of these factors on ecosystem processes are unknown. Reduced biodiversity has raised numerous concerns, including the possibility that ecosystem functioning may be affected negatively, which might be particularly important in the face of other global changes. Here we present results of a grassland field experiment in Minnesota, USA, that tests the hypothesis that plant diversity and composition influence the enhancement of biomass and carbon acquisition in ecosystems subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition. The study experimentally controlled plant diversity (1, 4, 9 or 16 species), soil nitrogen (unamended versus deposition of 4 g of nitrogen per m2 per yr) and atmospheric CO2 concentrations using free-air CO2 enrichment (ambient, 368 micromol mol-1, versus elevated, 560 micromol mol-1). We found that the enhanced biomass accumulation in response to elevated levels of CO2 or nitrogen, or their combination, is less in species-poor than in species-rich assemblages.     

盐腔迫对3种白蜡树幼苗生长与光合作用的影响

通过幼苗盆栽实验，对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下，3种白蜡幼苗生物量，叶绿素含量，丙二醛含量和光合作用等进行了测定分析。结果表明，随着盐分浓度的提高，白蜡幼苗总生物量，叶绿素含量逐渐减少，根茎比差异显；幼苗丙二醛含量没有明显规律性变化；幼苗净光合速率，气孔导度和蒸腾作用强度均下降，饱和水气压差增加，而不同树种幼苗的胞间CO2浓度上升或下降，NaCl与其相关关系也表现不同。     

5-azaC处理对低温弱光胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究5-azaC处理与植物耐冷性机理之间的关系,本实验以黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究了不同浓度5-azaC处理对低温弱光(10℃/6℃,300(μmol/m~2)/s)胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,喷施500~800μmol/L的5-azaC处理可以显著降低幼苗叶片内MDA含量(P0.05),在低温24 h时分别降低了19.45%、19.83%,低温48 h时分别降低了12.19%、16.20%;提高SOD、CAT、APX和GR抗氧化酶活性,有效降低了黄瓜幼苗在低温弱光胁迫下活性氧(H_2O_2和O_2~-)的产生和积累;但随着浓度的升高,1000~5000μmol/L的5-azaC处理导致黄瓜叶片膜脂过氧化产生,使抗氧化酶活性显著降低,导致植物产生氧化损伤。     

长期CO_2加富对红掌某些光合参数和生物量的影响

以开顶式塑料薄膜温室为设施,研究了红掌叶片某些光合参数与生物量对长期CO2加富的响应.结果表明,处理150 d时,处理组T1(CO2(31.21±4.46)μmol/L,)T2(CO2(44.59±4.46)μmol/L)总生物量的鲜质量(FW)与干质量(DW)均比CK(CO2(16.05±1.34)μmol/L)提高35%以上;高浓度CO2条件下的根冠比与对照相比无论是鲜质量或干质量均降低,就鲜质量而言T1和T2分别比对照降低7.87%和19.32%;整个试验过程中,处理组气孔导度明显下降,但其净光合速率、羧化效率、表观量子效率均高于对照,处理90 d时T1和T2的净光合速率分别比对照增加56.37%和45.33%,随着处理时间的延长这种促进作用逐渐降低.     

炭烧烤炉污染物散发强度与热功率特性的实验分析

针对目前烧烤业室内污染物散发量大、就餐高峰超标严重,且污染物控制在通风空调设计方面缺乏有关污染物散发强度及负荷计算参数等问题,设计搭建了烧烤实验台,对木炭和机制炭烧烤炉污染物散发强度和热功率特性进行了研究.结果表明:正常燃烧阶段,木炭与机制炭炉污染物散发强度随时间均呈下降趋势,而机制炭炉污染物散发强度相对稳定;正常燃烧阶段,四人式木炭、机制炭炉CO2散发强度分别在25,mol/h、20,mol/h以下,CO散发强度分别稳定在4.0,mol/h和2.0,mol/h以下;机制炭炉CO散发强度平均值与木炭炉相比降低约30%;当排风量在570~760,m3/h之间时,机制炭炉热功率明显高于木炭炉,且最大热功率达到2,240,W;对流显热功率在一定程度上受补风量的影响,机制炭炉对流显热功率占总热功率的比例平均值处于40%~60%之间.     

高浓度CO2对红松幼苗及土壤碳氮特征的影响

为探知红松苗对未来大气CO₂浓度的碳、氮响应策略,系统了解不同CO₂浓度下红松幼苗及其土壤碳、氮特征,采用生长箱培养法,分别研究了350、700 μmol/mol CO₂浓度下红松幼苗主要器官碳、氮浓度与积累(吸收)量变化,并分析其培养土壤的碳、氮含量。结果表明:与低浓度CO₂处理相比,高浓度CO₂处理并未对红松幼苗根、茎及叶的碳浓度产生显著影响,但导致叶碳积累量显著增加37.63%; 高浓度CO₂培养导致红松幼苗根、茎、叶氮浓度显著降低,茎氮吸收量显著下降27.45%,根、茎、叶的碳氮比升高,土壤溶解性有机碳含量显著增加28.82%,总有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、微生物量氮及水解性氮含量均未发生显著变化,碳氮比增加。总体上,3年生的红松幼苗氮浓度、碳氮比、叶碳积累量及土壤溶解性有机碳对CO₂升高响应迅速。     

Influences of the degradation of swamp and alpine meadows on CO2 emission during growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CO2 emission fluxes of two types of ecosystem, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Fenghuo- shan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied by the static chamber-portable infrared chro- matographic method. The results showed that there was large difference in the CO2 emission fluxes between the two ecosystems and in the same ecosystem of different degradation degrees. CO2 emis- sion flux of the swamp meadow gradually decreased with increasing degradation degree, while that of the alpine meadow gradually increased with increasing degradation degree except in May. The CO2 emission flux of undegraded swamp meadow was 65.1%―80.3% higher than that of undegraded alpine meadow; and the CO2 emission flux of moderately degraded swamp meadow was 22.1%―67.5% higher than that of alpine meadow; but the CO2 emission flux of severely degraded alpine meadow was 14.3%―29.5% higher than that of swamp meadow. The soil moisture content and temperature in the upper 5 cm soil layer and above-ground biomass were significantly correlated with the CO2 emission fluxes and regarded as the main environment factors to control the CO2 emission.     

1.5ºC和2ºC目标下中国交通部门2050年的节能减排协同效益

利用能源系统模型IMED|TEC, 构建可实现2oC和1.5oC温升目标的碳约束情景(2度情景和1.5度情景), 分析中国交通部门低碳化的能源结构变化和空气污染改善的协同效益。研究结果表明, 2oC和1.5oC温升目标下, 2050年能源消耗比基准情景分别下降12%和33%, 能源结构从传统的油制品占主导转变成使用更清洁的生物质能, 甚至电能和氢能。2度情景下生物质能占总能耗的35%, 而在1.5度情景下, 氢能、电能和生物质能占总能耗的67%以上。同时, 中国交通部门脱碳能够带来显著的空气污染物减排协同效益。2度情景下, 到2050年CO₂排放量减少38%, 对应交通部门主要排放空气污染物NOx, SO₂和PM_2.5分别减排35%, 34%和38%。1.5度情景下, 污染物减排量是2度情景的两倍以上, 但对于航空部门和水运部门, 其污染物减排量较小。     

束花石斛和黄花石斛光合特性研究

以大花组的束花石斛（Dendrobium chrysanthum）和黄花石斛（D. dixanthum）为材料,对它们的光合生理等进行了系统研究.2种石斛叶片的解剖结构为异面叶,气孔仅分布在下表面,具气孔盖,叶脉维管束鞘不含叶绿体,无花环型结.2种石斛的光强、CO2浓度和温度的响应研究表明,它们的光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）分别为5～10μmol/(m2?s) 和850～900μmol/(m2?s),最大光合速率（Pn）在～6μmol/(m2?s);CO2补偿点和饱和点分别为80～90 μmol/mol和800 μmol/mol;光合作用的最适温度在26～30℃.2种石斛兰的Pn日变化为双峰型曲线,首峰出现在12:00左右,最大光合速率在5～6μmol/(m2?s),次峰出现在15:00左右,夜间不吸收CO2.2种石斛的PEPCase活性极低,具有较高的RuBPCase和GO酶活性.以上的研究结果表明,束花石斛和黄花石斛光合作用碳同化途径属C3植物类型,具有半阴生植物的特点.     

外来植物仔簕树生理生态特性的季节变化

为研究外来入侵植物簕仔树Mimosa bimucronata在广州的生态适应性,以便为防治其生态危害提供科学依据.利用便携式光合-蒸腾仪于广州白云山对簕仔树和3种本地植物（阳性树种木荷Schima superba、阴性树种阴香Cinnamomum burmannii和九节Psychotria rubra）的活体叶片进行1年内不同季节的生理生态特性测定.结果显示：4个季节的簕仔树日均净光合速率（以CO2计）分别为0.22、1.00、1.94和1.62μmol.m-2.s-1;低光照时,簕仔树净光合速率低,光照强时净光合速率较高,九节和阴香的净光合速率较大,木荷最低.簕仔树4个季节的日均呼吸速率（以CO2计）分别为0.28、0.32、0.65和0.45μmol.m-2.s-1,均高于其它3种植物.4种植物中,簕仔树的蒸腾速率变幅最大,4个季节日均蒸腾速率（以H2O计）分别为0.01、0.07、0.24和0.06μmol.m-2.s-1,秋季最高.簕仔树的水分利用效率在干旱的冬季最大,表现出比本地植物更抗旱.在群落内部的低光照下,与本地物种相比,簕仔树在有机质积累上未见优势,但在高光照条件下,具有较高的净光合速率,且在干旱季节的水分利用效率更具潜力,可考虑生境遮蔽或提高水分来降低其生长速率.     

CO2浓度升高对宁夏枸杞果实发育期形态指标及糖分积累影响

【目的】探究正常大气CO₂浓度升高对宁夏枸杞果实发育期形态及发育期蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖等糖分积累过程的影响,以期为气候变化对果实发育期糖分积累影响提供参考。【方法】以宁夏枸杞苗木为试材,采用开顶气室模拟控制3个CO₂浓度:正常大气CO₂浓度[(380±20) μmol/mol,CK]作为对照,0.5倍增浓度[(570±20) μmol/mol,TR1],1倍增浓度[(760±20) μmol/mol,TR2];分别取经不同CO₂浓度处理的宁夏枸杞果实幼果期至成熟期果品,测定其形态指标及不同发育期含糖量。【结果】TR1、TR2处理的宁夏枸杞果实较CK处理,在幼果期、青果期单果质量,以及横径均显著上升。青果期,其纵径、淀粉及果糖含量较CK处理显著增加。至成熟期,果实横径显著增大,蔗糖含量显著上升,单果纵径/横径显著下降,而果糖、葡萄糖、淀粉含量处理间无显著差异;TR1、TR2处理宁夏枸杞果实较CK处理在转色期蔗糖、淀粉质量比显著上升,初熟期显著下降,成熟期极显著上升;CO₂浓度升高处理使宁夏枸杞果实在青果期单果质量与淀粉含量、转色期单果质量与果糖含量、转色期蔗糖与淀粉含量、成熟期单果质量与蔗糖含量间均达显著正相关。【结论】CO₂浓度升高可显著促进宁夏枸杞在幼果期、青果期的果实横径、单果质量,使其青果期纵径及果糖、淀粉含量显著增加,处理至成熟期,可使宁夏枸杞果实单果质量、蔗糖含量显著上升,纵径/横径显著下降,影响果实发育过程中淀粉和蔗糖的积累过程。     

电控液化石油气发动机排放试验

对电控液化石油气LPG发动机进行了试验,测量了发动机在几个代表性转速下,CO,HC及NO3的排放指标,并对其排放特性进行了分析,对化油器发动机改装成电控LPG后的发动机动力特性进行了试验,并与原发动机的动力性进行了比较,试验表明：电控LPG发动机在基本保持原发动机动力性的基础上,可以使有害物排放大幅度下降,达到新的环保法规的要求。     

不同去叶强度对羊草群落特征影响的研究

通过３０％,５０％,６０％,８０％去叶强度的试验研究,表明：７月份,不同去叶强度下群落的地上部生物量没有明显差异,８月份,３０％,５０％,６０％的去叶处理,也没有明显差异,但８０％处理的生物量却明显减少,９月份,各处理间地上部生物量差异很大,６０％和８０％的处理,生物量均低于３０％和５０％的处理７－９月份,随着去叶强度的增大,群落去叶的总收获量增加,枯落物的积累量逐渐减少,１０月份,５０％,６０％     

7种杨树铅抗性和积累能力的比较研究

【目的】通过对比研究不同种杨树的铅(Pb)抗性和Pb积累能力,筛选具有修复Pb污染土壤潜力的杨树树种。【方法】选取7种速生杨树,用8 mmol/L Pb处理6周,分析7种杨树Pb抗性和积累能力。【结果】Pb胁迫导致7种杨树净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率降低,抑制了7种杨树的高生长和径向生长,其中欧洲黑杨、群众杨和青杨的光合和生长对Pb胁迫较敏感,美洲黑杨敏感性较低。Pb胁迫导致7种杨树生物量显著降低,其中欧美杨根生物量降低最多(50.31%),欧洲黑杨(31.99%)和群众杨(22.26%)木材生物量降低最显著,欧美杨(12.67%)和群众杨(19.54%)皮生物量降低最显著,灰杨叶生物量降低最多(35.44%)。7种杨树的总生物量在Pb胁迫下出现明显降低,其中灰杨降幅最大(29.03%),欧洲黑杨降幅最小(12.02%)。相应地,7种杨树Pb抗性指数大小顺序依次为:欧洲黑杨(88.09%)>银腺杨(82.98%)≈美洲黑杨(80.70%)>欧美杨(79.86%)>青杨(76.79%)>群众杨(72.78%)≈灰杨(70.35%)。7种杨树吸收和转运Pb的能力存在较大差异。美洲黑杨根中的Pb含量最高,达2 906.10 mg/kg;灰杨木材、皮和叶中的Pb含量较高,分别达46.55、44.39和325.90 mg/kg。美洲黑杨根和整株Pb积累量最大,分别为4.20和5.06 mg/株;灰杨地上部分Pb积累量最大,为1.21 mg/株。美洲黑杨的根富集系数最大,达6.70;灰杨地上部分富集系数最大,为0.43。灰杨的Pb转运系数显著高于其他杨树,达0.16;欧洲黑杨的转运系数最低,仅为0.02。【结论】7种杨树的Pb抗性和Pb积累能力存在明显差异,其中欧洲黑杨Pb抗性最强、美洲黑杨根吸收Pb的能力最强,可能在Pb污染土壤的植物固定和生态恢复方面具有较大潜力;灰杨转运Pb能力最强,地上部分Pb积累能力最强,可能在Pb污染土壤的植物提取方面具有较大潜力。     

Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO(2)

Carbon sequestration in soil organic matter may moderate increases in atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (C(a)) as C(a) increases to more than 500 micromol mol(-1) this century from interglacial levels of less than 200 micromol mol(-1) (refs 1 6). However, such carbon storage depends on feedbacks between plant responses to C(a) and nutrient availability. Here we present evidence that soil carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in a grassland ecosystem are much more responsive to increases in past C(a) than to those forecast for the coming century. Along a continuous gradient of 200 to 550 micromol mol(-1) (refs 9, 10), increased C(a) promoted higher photosynthetic rates and altered plant tissue chemistry. Soil carbon was lost at subambient C(a), but was unchanged at elevated C(a) where losses of old soil carbon offset increases in new carbon. Along the experimental gradient in C(a) there was a nonlinear, threefold decrease in nitrogen availability. The differences in sensitivity of carbon storage to historical and future C(a) and increased nutrient limitation suggest that the passive sequestration of carbon in soils may have been important historically, but the ability of soils to continue as sinks is limited.     

规模化养殖场沼气工程替代传统模式发电的GHG减排不确定性优化模型

根据沼气发电的现状与特点, 运用整数规划和区间线性规划方法, 以温室气体最大减排量为目标函数, 构建一种基于不确定性方法的温室气体(GHG)减排优化模型. 案例分析表明： 在满足预投资、 运行利润和技术要求等约束条件下, 案例温室气体最大减排量为每年211 821.8~247 410.1 t二氧化碳当量, 比推荐方案提高了11.46%~30.19%.     

阿尔泰山林区云杉和落叶松生物量分配格局研究

【目的】为了分析阿尔泰山地针叶主要树种生物量分配格局,【方法】基于2012、2013年研究区西伯利亚云杉(Picea obovata)和西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)实测样木,从年龄、径阶、林分郁闭度等角度,分析树木各组分器官生物量比例变化规律。【结果】两树种树干占整株树木地上生物量比例分别为48.1%、61.9%; 云杉枝、叶占地上生物量比例均高于西伯利亚落叶松; 两树种地上总生物量占整株生物量比例分别为79.8%和79.5%,平均根冠比为0.268和0.270。西伯利亚云杉树干生物量随径阶增大而提高,树叶和树根生物量随径阶增大而降低,树枝生物量随径阶变化幅度较小。西伯利亚落叶松树干生物量随径阶增大而提高,但在30 cm以上径阶比例稍有降低,树枝、树叶生物量与树干生物量呈相反变化趋势。两树种树干生物量均随年龄增加而提高,树枝、树叶生物量随年龄增加而降低。西伯利亚云杉树根生物量随年龄增加而降低,西伯利亚落叶松树根生物量随年龄增加呈先降后增的趋势。西伯利亚云杉树干生物量随郁闭度增加而提高,树枝、树叶和树根生物量随郁闭度增加而降低。西伯利亚落叶松总体上随郁闭度增加树干生物量呈先降后升趋势,树枝和树根生物量变化趋势与树干相反,树叶生物量随郁闭度增加而降低,但变化幅度很小。【结论】西伯利亚云杉和落叶松各组织器官生物量比例均呈现树干＞树根＞树枝＞树叶的趋势。随径阶、年龄、郁闭度增大,西伯利亚云杉树干生物量所占比例逐渐提高,树叶比例则逐渐降低,树枝与树根生物量此消彼长。西伯利亚落叶松各器官生物量所占比例在不同径阶、年龄和郁闭度条件下虽有变化,但幅度不大,总体趋势不变。     

西双版纳地区三叶橡胶树异戊二烯和单萜烯排放机理初步研究

对云南省西双版纳地区三叶橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis（H.B.K）Muell.-Arg）异戊二烯和单萜烯排放的研究发现,三叶橡胶排放很少量的异戊二烯（排放速率大约0～1μgC·g^-1h^-1）,而排放大量的单萜烯（排放速率大约10～100μgC·g^-1h^-1）。造成这种排放特征的原因可能是橡胶树树叶叶绿体中合成异戊二烯所必需的异戊二烯合成酶（Isoprene Synthase）缺乏所致。