气候变化对中国北方温带草原植被的影响

在月、季节、生长季和年4个时间尺度上,采用Krigging空间插值方法对1982—1999年的降水、气温数据插值生成栅格影像,将其与1982—1999年的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI影像进行相关分析.同时,综合分析了归一化差值植被指数(normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)、降水、气温、区域潜在蒸散量、区域实际蒸散量的年际季节变化.结果表明,降水是制约本区植被生长的根本原因,夏季降水量对植被生长的影响最为显著,7—8月份的降水对下月植被的生长有重要的影响.同时得出中国北方温带草原植被与气象因子相关性的空间分布图.     

Impact of land surface degradation in northern China and southern Mongolia on regional climate

Clear evidence provided by the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and precipitation data identifies that there exists a sensitive region of vegetation-climate interaction located in the transitional zone over northern China and its surrounding areas, where the vegetation cover change has the most significant influence on summer precipitation over China.““ Comparison of reanalysis data with station data provides a good method to assess the impacts of land use change on surface temperature, and the most obvious contribution of land use change may be to lead to notable warming over northern China in the interdecadal time scale. Based on the new statistical results, a high-resolution regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS) is employed to investigate the effects of land surface degradation over the transitional zone and its surrounding areas (northern China and southern Mongolia) on the regional climate. Land degradation results in the decreases in precipitation over northern and southern China, and the increase in between, and increased and decreased temperature over vegetation change areas and the adjacent area to the south, respectively. Not only would it change the surface climate, but also bring the significant influence on the atmospheric circulation. Both the surface climate and circulation changes generally agree to the observed interdecadal anomalies over the last five decades. These integrated statistical and simulated results imply that land surface degradation over the transitional zone in northern China and its surrounding areas could be one of the main causes responsible for the climate anomalies over China, especially the drought over northern China.     

气温变化的层次结构的外部成因浅析

利用近百年来大气中CO₂含量、太阳活动和强火山活动的历史资料,对照南北半球气温变化的层次结构,发现北半球在1924年、南半球在1939年发生的大尺度冷暖突变,CO₂气体的温室效应不是主要的强迫因素,也不太可能是由太阳常数的较大天文改变引起的,它与强火山活动有着密切关系。北半球1924年前的大冷期内中等冷期对应着中低纬强火山爆发,中等暖期对应着中高纬强火山爆发,对应关系明显。南半球中等尺度的冷暖突变与年平均相对黑子数准11.2年的周期有着明显的对应关系。     

树木生长对气候变化的响应研究进展

树木生长对气候变化的响应将深刻影响区域植被动态、陆地生态系统生物地化循环、气候反馈及其人类福祉.持续的气候变暖、极端气候事件及自然和人为干扰的增加深刻地影响树木生长动态的时空格局.本文综述了近几十年全球气候变化的整体概况,着重探讨了气候变化对树木生长的影响机制以及树木生长对气候系统的反馈,并就树木生长响应气候变化研究中可能存在的问题和研究前景进行了探讨.提出未来树木生长响应气候变化关系的研究应考虑树木生长响应气候变化的时空差异,加强对树木死亡时空格局及内在机理的认识,重点关注不断增加的极端气候事件及火、虫灾干扰对树木生长的非线性影响机制,并融合地面观测、遥感及陆面动态植被模型模拟等多种分析手段综合分析树木生长对气候变化响应机制的尺度效应及内在机理.     

2000—2015年黑河流域中上游NDVI时空变化及其与气候的关系

选择西北第二大内陆河黑河流域中上游为研究区, 以2000—2015年逐月NDVI数据、月均温和月降水数据、DEM数据和基础地理信息数据为数据源, 采用RS, GIS 和数理统计分析等方法, 从区域尺度和像元尺度揭示区域NDVI时空变化格局及其与气候的关系。结果显示: 1) 2000—2015年, 黑河流域中上游NDVI总体上呈现增长趋势, 其中夏季的增长速率最大, 明显高于春季和秋季; NDVI快速增长区主要位于中游地区黑河干流两侧的绿洲地带; NDVI显著下降区位于张掖市市辖区、酒泉市市辖区以及其他县城所在地; 2) 夏季NDVI与降水相关性较高, 而春、秋季NDVI与气温相关性较高; 夏季NDVI与夏季降水的显著相关性主要体现在远离黑河干流的大片低覆被草地、戈壁以及荒漠, 而邻近黑河的人工绿洲地带NDVI与降水没有显著相关性; 3) NDVI响应降水的时滞效应较明显, 夏季NDVI对降水的响应普遍存在1个月的时间滞后, 最长能滞后2个月。研究结果可以为区域植被恢复和生态系统管理提供参考。     

荒漠化扩展对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM3研究了西北沙漠面积变化对我国区域气候变化的影响．共设计了3组试验：控制试验A、沙漠面积扩展试验B、在试验B基础上增大粗糙高度的试验C．分析表明：中国西北沙漠区扩展后对中国夏季降雨量和中国夏季风有明显影响．结果表明：植被退化、荒漠化加剧会导致季风减弱,降水量减少,增大地面粗糙高度后的影响更为显著．     

进入21世纪的气候变化科学--气候变化的事实、影响与对策

近百年来，地球气候正经历一次以全球变暖为主要特征的显著变化，我国的气候变化趋势与全球气候变化的总趋势基本一致。近50年的气候变暖主要是人类使用化石燃料排放的大量二氧化碳等温室气体的增温效应造成的。现有的预测表明，未来50-100年全球和我国的气候将继续向变暖的方向发展。国际上，目前《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》正在就如何减缓这种气候变暖的趋势和控制温室气体排放进行谈判。本文依据IPCC第三次评估报告与国内外最新的研究成果，说明气候变化的事实与未来的可能变化，阐述冰冻圈对气候变化的响应，进而说明气候变化对生态系统和社会经济的影响，分析气候变化给我国带来的挑战和机遇并提出对策建议。     

Role of land-atmosphere coupling in summer droughts and floods over eastern China for the 1998 and 1999 cases

Droughts and floods are the two most costly climate disasters over China. However, our ability to predict droughts and floods is limited by poor understanding of the atmospheric response to long memory climate drivers such as sea surface temperature and soil moisture. In this study, we investigate soil moisture feedbacks on summer droughts and floods over eastern China for the 1998 and 1999 cases using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. Soil moisture climatology, derived from a 20-year-long control run, is used to replace soil moisture evolution in uncoupled simulations for 1998 and 1999 summers. Eastern China experienced severe floods during the summer of 1998, while 1999 summer is characterized by a “southern flood and northern drought” pattern. The WRF model generally simulates relatively well the droughts and floods in the two summers. It is found that land-atmosphere coupling contributes substantially to both droughts and floods over northern China while it plays a relatively small role in precipitation anomalies over southern China. Our findings suggest that soil moisture memory help contribute skill to seasonal prediction of droughts and floods over northern China.     

植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进展

对当前植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进行了总结.过去几十年内,全球不同尺度、区域和时间序列的植被变化对气候变化表现出了明显响应.植被的生长变化与气温和降水的变化密切相关.而大尺度上土地覆被类型的变化及植被覆盖的变化对局地及区域的气候产生重要的反馈作用.当前植被-气候关系研究的常用的遥感数据源较多,但也存在单一遥感数据源时间...     

Ecosystem vulnerability of China under B2 climate scenario in the 21st century

This paper applies climate change scenarios in China based on the SRES assumptions with the help of RCMs projections by PRECIS （providing regional climates for impacts studies） system introduced to China from.the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research at a high-resolution （50 kmx50 km） over China. This research focuses on B2 scenario of SRES. A biogeochemical model ＂Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model （AVIM2）＂ was applied to simulating ecosystem status in the 21st century. Then vulnerability of ecosystems was assessed based on a set of index of mainly net primary production （NPP） of vegetation. Results show that climate change would affect ecosystem of China severely and there would be a worse trend with the lapse of time. The regions where having vulnerable ecological background would have heavier impacts while some regions with better ecological background would also receive serious impacts. Extreme climate even would bring about worse impact on the ecosystems. Open shrub and desert steppe would be the two most affected types. When the extreme events happen, vulnerable ecosystem would extend to part of defoliate broad-leaved forest, woody grassland and evergreen conifer forest. Climate change would not always be negative. It could be of some benefit to cold region during the near-term. However, in view of mid-term to long-term negative impact on ecosystem vulnerability would be enormously.     

气候变化情景下中国东部地区未来气候舒适度变化预测

选取中国东部691个数据记录较完整的站点, 统计各站点1971—2010年间每年每季的热日、冷日和舒适日天数, 利用温湿指数(THI), 评价中国东部季风区近40年的舒适度变化, 并结合未来情景下气象数据的比较和分析, 展望21世纪末中国东部地区的舒适度变化趋势。结果表明, 1971—2010年间, 中国东部季风区在一定程度上变暖, 东北和华南的气候敏感度高于其他地区, 沿海的气候敏感度高于内陆, 东北地区对气候变化的响应程度较高。     

气候变化对森林生态系统的主要影响述评

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体,其对减少大气中的CO₂浓度从而减缓全球变暖有着决定性的作用。为了探究气候变化对森林生态系统的影响以及森林生态系统的反馈机制,发展合理的森林经营策略以应对气候变化,笔者综述了国内外有关气候变化对森林生态系统影响的相关研究方法与成果,重点讨论了气候变化对森林结构、组成和分布、森林生产力、森林碳库、森林生态系统生物多样性、生态系统生态服务功能等方面的影响,论述了森林生态系统对气候变化的反馈机制,并指出了现有研究的不足之处,提出了适应或者减缓气候变化对森林生态系统影响的森林经营策略,主要包括:①坚决贯彻实施退耕还林政策; ②加强保护天然林; ③制定科学的森林经营对策; ④加速我国碳汇林业的发展。     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

基于人工神经网络开发中国地区统计降尺度气候预估数据

针对中国地区的气候预估问题,开发一套高时空分辨率(空间分辨率:0.25°;时间分辨率:逐日)的统计降尺度气候变化数据集.降尺度气候预估结果表明:1)在传统降尺度方法的基础上引入人工神经网络算法,开发高时空分辨率的降尺度气候数据,技术上简便可行;2)将这种新方法应用到模式的历史模拟数据上,温度和降水的气候态偏差显著减小,...     

Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization

Global warming is predicted to be most pronounced at high latitudes, and observational evidence over the past 25 years suggests that this warming is already under way. One-third of the global soil carbon pool is stored in northern latitudes, so there is considerable interest in understanding how the carbon balance of northern ecosystems will respond to climate warming. Observations of controls over plant productivity in tundra and boreal ecosystems have been used to build a conceptual model of response to warming, where warmer soils and increased decomposition of plant litter increase nutrient availability, which, in turn, stimulates plant production and increases ecosystem carbon storage. Here we present the results of a long-term fertilization experiment in Alaskan tundra, in which increased nutrient availability caused a net ecosystem loss of almost 2,000 grams of carbon per square meter over 20 years. We found that annual aboveground plant production doubled during the experiment. Losses of carbon and nitrogen from deep soil layers, however, were substantial and more than offset the increased carbon and nitrogen storage in plant biomass and litter. Our study suggests that projected release of soil nutrients associated with high-latitude warming may further amplify carbon release from soils, causing a net loss of ecosystem carbon and a positive feedback to climate warming.     

1990—2010年间我国北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化归因

以我国北方传统农牧交错带为研究区,以植被归一化指数(NDVI)表征地表植被覆盖度,对土地利用数据和降水量、气温等气象数据两大类影响因子进行相关性分析.研究发现:1990—2010年该地区主要土地利用类型发生了显著的相互转化,但占优势的仍是草地、耕地和林地,土地利用和景观结构未发生重大变化.研究期间,北方农牧交错带耕地、林地和未利用土地植被覆盖度均有所增加,草地植被覆盖度有所减少.植被覆盖度与年均降水量呈极显著相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带降水呈减少趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.植被覆盖度与同期年均气温数据也呈现一定的正相关性,1990—2010年农牧交错带气温变化属于升温趋势,植被覆盖度上升趋势明显.研究表明北方农牧交错带植被覆盖度变化是在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下发生的,土地利用变化和降水、气温气象数据两种因素对植被覆盖度的影响具有明显的地域性特征,土地利用变化因子的影响由于受政策和人类活动的参与而正逐渐占据着主导地位,而气候条件中,气温升高对植被覆盖度具有一定的正相关性,降水量因子在径流量充沛地区影响作用较弱,但在水源缺乏,人类活动干预较少农牧交错带西北地区仍然有着重要的影响作用.     

甘肃庆阳地区气候变化影响分析

为了研究全球气候变化下甘肃省庆阳地区气候变化特点,采用Excel软件建立数据库,并对数据作分析的方法,分析了甘肃庆阳地区气温、降水的年变化、季节变化等情况,并进行了对比分析.研究结果发现随着全球气候的变暖本区呈现日益暖干的特点.通过暖干气候条件下甘肃庆阳地区农业及经济发展影响的探讨提出应对的建议和对策,为类似条件下的我国西部地区经济发展提供理论依据.     

Response of forest distribution to past climate change: An insight into future predictions

Vegetation dynamics could lead to changes in the global carbon and hydrology cycle, as well as feedbacks to climate change. This paper reviews the response of forest dynamics to climate change. Based on palaeoecological studies, we summarized the features and modes of vegetation response to climate change and categorized the impacts of climate change on vegetation dynamics as three types： climate stress on vegetation, buffer effects by non-climatic factors, and perturbation of the vegetation distribution by stochastic events. Due to the openness of the vegetation system and the integrated effects of both climatic and non-climatic factors the vegetation-climate relationship deviates far from its equilibrium. The vegetation distribution shows a non-linear response to climate change, which also makes it difficult to quantify the modern vegetation distribution in terms of specific climatic factors. Past analog, space-for-time-substitution and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models （DGVMs） are three approaches to predicting the future vegetation distribution, but they have all been established on the assumption of vegetation-climate equilibrium. We propose that improving DGVMs is a future task for studies of vegetation dynamics because these are process-based models incorporating both disturbance （e.g. fire） and the variability in Plant Functional Types （PFTs）. However, palaeoecological results should be used to test the models, and issues like spatial and temporal scale, complexity of climate change, effects of non-climatic factors, vege- tation-climate feedback, and human regulation on vegetation dynamics are suggested as topics for future studies.     

我国北方地区植被类型变化气候效应的虚拟数值试验

利用区域气候模式 (RegCM 2 )对东北西部、华北北部和西北东部、华北西部两个生态环境脆弱地区植被类型分别由草地变为农田和森林后对区域气候的影响程度进行虚拟数值试验 ,结果表明 ,我国北方地区植被类型由草地变为耕地或森林将使得这些地区夏季降水减少 ,温度升高 ,5 0 0hPa位势高度升高 ,副热带高压控制地区的位势高度降低 ,从而使副高减弱 ,不利于我国北方的降水增加 .从虚拟数值试验的对比中可发现 ,华北北部、东北西部地区植被类型改变比西北东部、华北西部地区植被类型改变所引起的降水减少、温度升高和副高减弱效果显著 .此外 ,对于同一个地区的植被类型改变而言 ,由草地变为森林比由草地变为耕地所引起的降水减少、温度升高和 5 0 0hPa位势高度变化效应大 .因此 ,根据数值试验结果可知 ,退耕还草可能是我国北方干旱半干旱地区改善环境的有效方式 ,华北北部和东北西部为开展有序人类活动的最佳地区     

Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem

Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global climate change. Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem, that new shoot production of a dominant perennial shrub is doubled by a 50% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in a high rainfall year. However, elevated CO2 does not enhance production in a drought year. We also found that above-ground production and seed rain of an invasive annual grass increases more at elevated CO2 than in several species of native annuals. Consequently, elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic annual grasses in the region. This shift in species composition in favour of exotic annual grasses, driven by global change, has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America.