论优伶性别的历史哲学

在中国史学中，男性优伶大多呈现出一种政治化气质，而女性优伶则是一种演艺化印象。其实，这是一种本质主义论述方法。在实际历史状态中，男性优伶仍然时刻遭遇着压迫其退回女性化社会性别性格的社会势力，女性优伶也并非表明与政治无涉。这种史学策略，流露出一种“男尊女卑”的社会性别意识形态，包含着深刻的政治经济学思想意味。     

论优伶的社会性别身份

在中国社会性别角色的“男尊女卑”中,中国优伶性别角色存在着特殊的两性结构性质：男性优伶的女性化和女性优伶在“公共领域”里的男性化。前者使男性优伶也沦为与女性优伶卑贱同格,“男女皆卑”;后者使女性优伶成为一种公共欲望对象,并和男性优伶一起是一种色情消费的社会对象,从而构成为“卑贱者”和“色情者”的“文化象征”,构成了一种历史的性别死结。     

男性化的史学与优伶性别的史学“前判断”

在中国史学中,由于选材、笔法、细节等元素都难以超越所在时代和史官个人的先验主体,从而使中国历史也成为一部男性化的历史,或者说是一部贯穿男性气质和意识的历史。中国史学对于男性、女性有着不同的性别前判断,也就影响到了对于优伶性别的态度。男女优伶性别因为整体女性化的社会性别身份,为史学所回避,正史记载甚少,即使有所记载,也基本上是男性优伶,而且,男性优伶在史学中呈现出一种政治化的素质。这似乎与男性优伶的女性化的社会性别身份＂互相冲突＂,但是,它实质上是从相反的角度＂通过相互合作而互相加强＂,来共同巩固和稳定社会性别原则。     

中国史学中的女性优伶伎艺描述

中国史学中对于女性优伶伎艺的描述,一是专工一行,除了工于行当,女性优伶大多擅长某项伎艺,或歌唱,或舞蹈,或做打;二是一专多能,多才多艺,具有全面演艺素质;三是具备一定文化艺术素养,能够吟诗作词,审音度律;四是师承和家传背景,许多女性优伶所以技高一筹,与前辈的指导与栽培有关,同时,家庭环境的熏陶渗透,家族内部的传授指点,对于培养一个出色优伶,自然也是一种重要成长因素;五是”明星制”的现象,自元代始许多女性优伶声名远播,以她们的高超演伎,以及相应的影响力和号召力,来吸引和招徕观客.     

论男性文士对待女性优伶双重人格的精神分析

中国男性文士对待女性优伶,往往表现出一种分裂的双重人格特征。它包含着深刻而又玄妙的中国文化精神意义。由于男性文士身兼多种社会身份,使男性文士的每一种社会身份都是不纯真的,甚至穷则屈原,达则范进,构成了一个独特而又普遍的精神图谱。在处理与女性优伶的关系上,男性文士就不可能单纯从自然性别和社会性别出发,而必然涉及到社会身份的多重基体,乃至产生一种“摆弄”关系,一方面视之为情感和欲望的寄托对象,另一方面又持有戒备的理性情绪,既施之以诱惑,又缺乏真情的投入,男性文士对待女性优伶也就建构了一种表演性质的面具人格。     

性别、社会性别与优伶性别研究

性、性范畴和社会性别是三个不同的性别概念,其中社会性别是性的社会关系的产物,包含着丰富的社会性和文化性内容。中国的社会性别制度,从母系社会到父系制度,经历了一个微妙的两性较量过程,西周时期基本定型。中国优伶也在这种定型的性别生态环境中,开始形成了自己的“文化构造”方式。     

论媒体对社会性别的文化建构

在当今的商业化社会中，大众传媒领域也存在着对女性的性别成见、贬抑甚至歧视成分的报道和表现。大众传媒将女性刻板泛化为观赏的对象，进一步加深了女性的“他者”角色。社会性别的差异及性别的传统印象，是被社会文化所赋予、培养的结果。因而，我们在审视大众传媒时，需要用社会性别的批评眼光进行反省，同时需要女性积极行动为自身呐喊。只有这样，才能提高公众的构建平等社会性别意识，以促进社会的性别平等。     

从“卧室”到“第三空间”——网络女性小说的创作机制与女性话语建构

网络技术给社会空间和文化领域带来了变化。随着女性解放运动的发展及思想意识的觉醒，女性开始在网络空间寻找独立的生存之地，并打破空间领域的“公”“私”分界和性别偏见，创造“进”可跨入公共空间、“退”可回归“自己房间”的阈限空间，由此女性从“卧室”走向“第三空间”，拥有了表达自我、言说欲望的场域。同时，网络女性小说在创作主体鲜明的性别意识下彰显着女性写作的力量与魅力，在资本积累与权力争夺中不断发展，实现了女性在网络空间的话语赋权与主体建构的目的。网络女性小说在空间活动、话语言说、资本积累、性别认同方面体现出鲜明的反叛与变革意味。     

广告传播中的性别定型分析

刻板印象是人们对某个社会群体形成的一种概括而固定的看法。性别定型是刻板印象在社会角色方面的反映。广告传播中存在着根深蒂固的性别偏见，其中女性形象是基于传统男性中心文化对女性的一种规范。广告中社会性别意识的偏离和不公正的表达，通过心理暗示引导女性用广告隐喻的女性社会形象来塑造自己，同时也直接影响正在进行社会化的儿童社会性别意识的正确建立。     

男权镜像的破裂——新时期女性诗歌话语考察

进入父权制社会以后,女性一直被笼罩在男权话语的阴影之中。已经觉醒的新时期的中国女性开始对男性为女性设立的花草隐喻和神女峰意象予以改写,对象征男权的“天空”意象予以反叛,对性别专制的“家庭”意象予以拆解,以期完成对男权话语的突围。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-