Preparation and properties of microencapsulated genetically engineered bacteria cells for oral therapy of uremia

~~Preparation and properties of microencapsulated genetically engineered bacteria cells for oral therapy of uremia~~     

微生态制剂在奶牛生产中的应用

微生态制剂是一类根据微生态学原理制成的对动植物有益的活菌制剂,以其重要作用及无毒、无污染、无残留的特点,在奶牛养殖业中被广泛的应用。微生态制剂能刺激和促进奶牛瘤胃微生物的增殖,促进瘤胃内氨、有机酸及菌体蛋白的生成,改善瘤胃pH环境,刺激瘤胃微生物的生长和活性,提高微生物对饲料的酶解,从而增强奶牛的消化机能,提高饲料转化率。本文针对微生态制剂在奶牛生产中的作用及应用时的注意问题进行了阐述。     

PLA非织造材料可生物降解环境中菌群结构分析及调控

为建立非织造材料可生物降解性能的快速检测方法,选择土壤这一自然降解环境介质进行生物降解试验,通过对富集土壤中的混合菌群液配制成生物快速降解环境,运用平板计数和PCR-DGGE技术对该环境中降解前后的细菌菌群结构变化进行分析。结果表明,所富集的土壤细菌混合菌群不仅在传代转接过程,还是在整个生物降解试验周期中,优势菌的数量和种类始终保持相对稳定,确保生物降解的持续性。同时根据对非织造材料生物降解过程中的无机碳含量检测分析,验证了在整个降解周期中细菌菌群发生生物降解的有效性,并通过调节不同浓度的降解试验菌液,可以调控生物降解的速度,从而实现不同的生物降解效果。     

桃核承气汤对肝性脑病大鼠肠道菌群的影响分析

摘要: 目的研究桃核承气汤对肝性脑病大鼠肠道菌群是否存在相关的影响。方法本实验对40 只SD 大鼠采用腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺( TAA) 和口腔灌胃该中药方剂汤的方法,观察大鼠的神经HE 分级和血氨的作用,以及对肠道菌群的影响。结果各剂量组不同程度地可降低大鼠HE 级别和血氨的浓度,空肠和回肠的细菌计数与模型组相比呈下降趋势且P ＜ 0. 05,对空回肠菌群具有显著的回调作用。同时各剂量组的双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌也出现回调和B/E 值增高的现象。结论该方剂汤对肝性脑病大鼠的肠道菌群具有正向的影响作用,可增加胃肠道的定植抗力作用。     

Urea excretion as a strategy for survival in a fish living in a very alkaline environment

Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates. It can be converted to the less toxic urea, but this is a metabolically expensive process found only in terrestrial vertebrates that cannot readily excrete ammonia and marine fish that use urea as an osmotic filler. Freshwater fish mostly excrete ammonia with only a small quantity of urea. It seems the ornithine cycle for urea production has been suppressed in all freshwater teleosts except for some airbreathers which, when exposed to air, increase urea synthesis via the cycle. Here we show that the tilapia fish Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, the only fish living in Lake Magadi, an alkaline soda lake (pH = 9.6-10) in the Kenyan Rift Valley, excretes exclusively urea and has ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in its liver. A closely related species that lives in water at pH 7.1 lacks these enzymes and excretes mainly ammonia with small amounts of urea produced via uricolysis. It dies within 60 min when placed in water from Lake Magadi. We suggest that urea production via the ornithine-urea cycle permits O. a. grahami to survive the very alkaline conditions in Lake Magadi.     

Lymphoid tissue genesis induced by commensals through NOD1 regulates intestinal homeostasis

Intestinal homeostasis is critical for efficient energy extraction from food and protection from pathogens. Its disruption can lead to an array of severe illnesses with major impacts on public health, such as inflammatory bowel disease characterized by self-destructive intestinal immunity. However, the mechanisms regulating the equilibrium between the large bacterial flora and the immune system remain unclear. Intestinal lymphoid tissues generate flora-reactive IgA-producing B cells, and include Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as numerous isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs). Here we show that peptidoglycan from Gram-negative bacteria is necessary and sufficient to induce the genesis of ILFs in mice through recognition by the NOD1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1) innate receptor in epithelial cells, and beta-defensin 3- and CCL20-mediated signalling through the chemokine receptor CCR6. Maturation of ILFs into large B-cell clusters requires subsequent detection of bacteria by toll-like receptors. In the absence of ILFs, the composition of the intestinal bacterial community is profoundly altered. Our results demonstrate that intestinal bacterial commensals and the immune system communicate through an innate detection system to generate adaptive lymphoid tissues and maintain intestinal homeostasis.     

应用生物强化技术对含食品废水的污水中菌群的改造研究

为改良活性污泥性能,采用生物强化技术,在含食品废水的污水处理厂曝气池中投加具有高效降解蛋白质、脂肪、苯胺的复合微生物菌剂(由异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株以及反硝化聚磷菌组成),有效降低出水总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、COD,使其水质稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中规定的一级 A标准。实验结果表明:于曝气池投加复合菌剂后,出水水质有了很明显提升,二沉池出水TN去除率达到93.48%,在原有基础上提高近70%;NH₃-N去除率达83.15%,在原有基础上提高60%以上;COD去除率达到91.40%。在复配菌剂生长成熟并和曝气池内土著微生物形成共生菌群后,停止加菌2个月,并在此期间控制回流污泥,从而将生化池中污泥质量浓度持续降低(从9000mg/L降低到6000mg/L左右)。最终系统TN、NH₃-N、COD能够稳定达到GB18918—2002规定的一级 A标准,大大减少了原系统运行能耗。     

Bacteria adhesion and biofilms on surfaces

Bacterial adhesion has become a significant problem in industry and in the domicile, and much research has been done for deeper understanding of the processes involved. A generic biological model of bacterial adhesion and population growth called the bacterial biofilm growth cycle, has been described and modified many times. The biofilm growth cycle encompasses bacterial adhesion at all levels, starting with the initial physical attraction of bacteria to a substrate, and ending with the eventual liberation of cell clusters from the biofilm matrix. When describing bacterial adhesion one is simply describing one or more stages of biofilm development, neglecting the fact that the population may not reach maturity. This article provides an overview of bacterial adhesion, cites examples of how bacterial adhesion affects industry and summarises methods and instrumentation used to improve our understanding of the adhesive properties of bacteria.     

Bacterial adhesion and biofilms on surfaces

Bacterial adhesion has become a significant problem in industry and in the domicile,and much research has been done for deeper understanding of the processes involved.A generic biological model of bacterial adhesion and population growth called the bacterial biofilm growth cycle,has been described and modified many times.The biofilm growth cycle encompasses bacterial adhesion at all levels,starting with the initial physical attraction of bacteria to a substrate,and ending with the eventual liberation of cell dusters from the biofilm matrix.When describing bacterial adhesion one is simply describing one or more stages of biofilm development,neglecting the fact that the population may not reach maturity.This article provides an overview of bacterial adhesion.cites examples of how bac-terial adhesion affects industry and summarises methods and instrumentation used to improve our understanding of the adhesive prop-erties of bacteria.     

碱性氧化铜矿产氨菌浸出特性

为了研究碱性氧化铜矿产氨菌浸出特性,分析了产氨菌浸矿过程对矿石的作用.将云南某矿的碱性氧化铜矿置于含菌培养液、去菌培养液和氨水等5种浸矿溶液中,在同一条件下进行摇瓶浸矿实验,剖析溶液中各可能的浸矿因子.研究结果表明:产氨菌产氨能力较强,尿素培养液中氨质量浓度最大达8.93 g·L-1;产氨量与细菌含量呈正相关关系,细菌含量越高,产氨量越大;产氨菌主要通过产氨间接浸矿,此外产氨菌和其代谢产物都能直接作用于矿石,浸矿能力细菌产氨>细菌>细菌代谢产物,三者比值约为12:5:4.     

高压甲铵预热器频繁爆管原因分析

对高压甲铵预热器爆管原因进行了分析,通过对高压甲铵预热器管壁涡流检测堵管和高压氨预热器的投用,彻底解决了高压甲铵预热器爆管给整个水溶液全循环法尿素胺装置带来危害的问题.     

口腔细菌表面糖苷酶的生物学功能研究

口腔细菌是引起龋齿的关键因素。口腔细菌和黏附在牙齿表面的唾液大分子相互作用,在牙齿表面形成早期牙菌斑生物膜,随后更多的细菌加入到生物膜中生长并最终导致龋齿和牙周炎等疾病。唾液为细菌的黏附提供配体,为细菌的生长提供碳源和氮源,但是细菌如何利用以及利用哪些唾液大分子进行生长还不清楚。许多口腔细菌细胞表面和细胞内有不同的糖苷酶水解糖链。本综述总结了笔者对口腔细菌的研究,揭示不同细菌利用人的唾液生长的能力不同,有的生长良好,有的甚至不能单独在唾液中生长;而口腔共生菌Streptococcus gordonii DL1在唾液中生长良好是依赖于细菌表面的3个糖苷酶,它们捕食唾液中富含脯氨酸的糖蛋白的N-糖链,是该细菌在唾液中生长关键的第一步;而且不同的糖苷酶对底物有严格的特异性,糖链只能被依次水解。不同细菌表面有不同的糖苷酶,能够合作水解糖链从而在唾液中相互喂养并在牙齿表面共生,是笔者下一步的研究方向。     

屎肠球菌JT1701对人体肠系细菌的调控作用

用屎肠球菌JT1701与人体肠系有害菌（大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、脆弱拟杆菌）和人体肠系益生菌（婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌）分别及共同培养发现,肠球球菌对这些菌均有抑制作用。它能抑制这些菌氨的产生,降低培养基的pH。其原因是,屎肠球菌与氨产生相关的尿酶、氨基酸脱氨酶的种类少,酶活性亦低,而与NH4^ 同化相关的谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸合酶、谷酰氨合成酶的活性要高得多。表明屎肠球菌对人体肠系菌群具有调控作用。     

普通环境长爪沙鼠肠道菌群的分离鉴定

目的调查普通环境长爪沙鼠肠道菌携带情况,为制定长爪沙鼠微生物学等级标准提供依据。方法对普通饲养环境的65只长爪沙鼠进行解剖,取回盲部内容物接种于6种不同培养基,分离菌株后同时进行生化分析和PCR测序鉴定,以期准确判断分离菌株所属菌属,并分别计算检出率。结果用6种培养基组合进行肠道菌群的分离大大提高了细菌的检出率。本研究共检出37种细菌,不同细菌感染率相差很大,阳性率在1/65（1.5%）到60/65（92.3%）之间,其中部分细菌为大鼠和小鼠致病菌。结论本研究为长爪沙鼠的微生物学等级标准的制定提供了参考数据。     

乳酸菌和双歧杆菌制剂对小鼠肠道菌群失调模型的调节作用

利用抗生素干扰小鼠肠道原籍菌群,建立小鼠肠道菌群失衡模型;并利用乳酸菌和双歧杆菌制剂对肠道菌群失调小鼠模型进行调节治疗。观察乳酸菌和双歧杆菌对肠道菌群失调模型的调节效果。选用不同浓度的头孢曲松钠,对小鼠进行灌胃。取盲肠和结肠内容物培养主要菌群变化。模型制备成功后利用乳酸菌和双歧杆菌进行菌群的治疗性调节,口服6周后,检测被检菌群的数量。结果不同剂量头孢曲松钠灌胃的小鼠盲肠体积均有所增大,模型组的优势菌的数量显著减少。通过口服乳酸菌和双歧杆菌制剂,可以适当的恢复乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的数量。与对照组比较差异显著。说明实验成功地制备了小鼠的肠道菌群失衡模型,模拟长期应用抗生素的机能环境,通过外源性的补充乳酸菌和双歧杆菌,对保持肠道菌群的平衡具有调节和修复作用。     

Assembling Zwitterionic, Water-Soluble Porphyrin and Its Biological Studies

A kind of zwitterionic water-soluble porphyrin 5-(N-trimethyl-4-aminiumphenyl)-10, 15, 20-tri (4-sulfonatephenyl) porphyrin trisammonium salt, has been synthesized. Its biological studies, interactions with DNA and bacteria cells, were investigated. The damage to the cell wall of bacteria E. coli were observed firstly by AFM (Atomic Force Microscope).     

Reduced airway surface pH impairs bacterial killing in the porcine cystic fibrosis lung

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Although bacterial lung infection and the resulting inflammation cause most of the morbidity and mortality, how the loss of CFTR function first disrupts airway host defence has remained uncertain. To investigate the abnormalities that impair elimination when a bacterium lands on the pristine surface of a newborn CF airway, we interrogated the viability of individual bacteria immobilized on solid grids and placed onto the airway surface. As a model, we studied CF pigs, which spontaneously develop hallmark features of CF lung disease. At birth, their lungs lack infection and inflammation, but have a reduced ability to eradicate bacteria. Here we show that in newborn wild-type pigs, the thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) rapidly kills bacteria in vivo, when removed from the lung and in primary epithelial cultures. Lack of CFTR reduces bacterial killing. We found that the ASL pH was more acidic in CF pigs, and reducing pH inhibited the antimicrobial activity of ASL. Reducing ASL pH diminished bacterial killing in wild-type pigs, and, conversely, increasing ASL pH rescued killing in CF pigs. These results directly link the initial host defence defect to the loss of CFTR, an anion channel that facilitates HCO(3)(-) transport. Without CFTR, airway epithelial HCO(3)(-) secretion is defective, the ASL pH falls and inhibits antimicrobial function, and thereby impairs the killing of bacteria that enter the newborn lung. These findings suggest that increasing ASL pH might prevent the initial infection in patients with CF, and that assaying bacterial killing could report on the benefit of therapeutic interventions.     

Cooperation and conflict in quorum-sensing bacterial populations

It has been suggested that bacterial cells communicate by releasing and sensing small diffusible signal molecules in a process commonly known as quorum sensing (QS). It is generally assumed that QS is used to coordinate cooperative behaviours at the population level. However, evolutionary theory predicts that individuals who communicate and cooperate can be exploited. Here we examine the social evolution of QS experimentally in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and show that although QS can provide a benefit at the group level, exploitative individuals can avoid the cost of producing the QS signal or of performing the cooperative behaviour that is coordinated by QS, and can therefore spread. We also show that a solution to the problem of exploitation is kin selection, if interacting bacterial cells tend to be close relatives. These results show that the problem of exploitation, which has been the focus of considerable attention in animal communication, also arises in bacteria.     

Cephalosporin antibiotics can be modified to inhibit human leukocyte elastase

Several laboratories, including our own have reported the synthesis and activity of certain low relative molecular mass inhibitors of mammalian serine proteases, especially human leukocyte elastase (HLE, EC 3.4.21.37), an enzyme whose degradative activity on lung elastin has been implicated as a major causative factor in the induction of pulmonary emphysema, and which is present in the azurophil granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Normally, these granules fuse with phagosomes containing engulfed foreign material (such as bacteria), and HLE, in combination with other lysosomal enzymes, catabolizes the particles. Under certain pathological conditions, however, PMN become attached to host protein (elastin fibres, basement membrane, connective tissue, immune complexes), and in response to this adherence, the granules may fuse with the PMN outer membrane and release their contents, including HLE, directly onto the tissue. Besides emphysema, HLE may also contribute to the pathogenesis of disease states such as adult respiratory distress syndrome, and its potential involvement in rheumatoid arthritis makes HLE inhibitors of considerable interest. It is known that cephalosporin antibiotics (for example, cephalothin (compound I, Table 2)) are acylating inhibitors of bacterial serine proteases which help synthesize the cell wall by performing a transpeptidation reaction on a peptidyl substrate bearing a D-Ala-D-Ala terminus. We now report that neutral cephalosporins (that is, compounds not bearing a free carboxyl at position C-4) can be modified to become potent time-dependent inhibitors of HLE.     

滩涂种植-养殖系统换水周期内细菌的消长动态研究

通过对种植-养殖系统换水周期内细菌的消长动态进行分析,发现在换水周期的初期细菌数量开始增长,至第4～6周时达到最大值,换水末期细菌的数量又有所下降.种植红树林的处理塘的细菌数量变化比不种红树林的对照塘明显要小.水质的变化与细菌数量的变化具有一定的相关性,水质相对稳定,细菌的数量变化相应较小.