剪切流从层流向湍流的转变：基本方程和模型

目的 研究剪切流从层流向湍流转变的物理机制。方法 从包含角动量守恒方程的新流体力学方程组出发,进行理论分析。结果 得到了剪切流转换过程中大尺度运动的方程和小尺度运动的方程,并对空间局部高剪切区中的小尺度运动建立了一个四波相互作用模型。结论流体大尺度运动的方程仍具有Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的形式,而对于局部高剪切区的小尺度扰动,必须同时考虑流体质元的速度ν（ｒ,ｔ）和角速度ω（ｒ,ｔ）的相互     

花岗岩中深埋隧道扰动区应力测试与分析

在深埋隧道施工过程中,掌子面推进将引起围岩内部应力的重新分布,洞壁附近围岩处于扰动状态,确定扰动区应力对于深埋隧道结构设计和安全施工有着极为重要的作用。在阐述扰动区应力主要测试方法的基础上,使用钻孔式测试方法得到了某深埋隧道花岗岩围岩中扰动区应力及其随时间的变化过程,提出了使用双曲线拟合确定扰动区应力测试稳定值对应时刻的方法,研究了水平方向和垂直方向扰动区应力测试稳定值的分布特征。结果表明,与其他扰动区应力测试方法相比,钻孔式测试方法具有快捷、方便、实用的特点,可用于确定深埋隧道围岩扰动区应力。     

2017年7月6-9日九江市柴桑区晴空连续大风成因分析

对2017年7月6-9日柴桑区地面大风的影响机制进行了综合分析,主要结论有:此次晴空连续偏南大风的原因是6-9日夜间柴桑区高空和近地层出现强辐散,中层辐合,小尺度气压扰动,低空出现西南急流的脉动,动量下传,同时柴桑区的特殊地形,东倚庐山,西靠岷山,中间为盆地,形成东北-西南向的峡谷,南端德安县宽,北面柴桑区窄,如果吹西南风,柴桑区正处于喇叭口的出口处,有明显狭管效应。而东面庐山的阻挡与热力作用也会增强经过柴桑区的西南风,利于偏南大风的形成。     

弯曲河流湍流结构动力演化特征

将弯曲河流中湍流结构看做一种扰动波,通过分析扰动波增长率的变化来研究湍流结构的动力演化特征.针对二维弯曲河流,采用流动稳定性理论与摄动法建立河流自然坐标下的湍流运动理论模式,运用差分法离散方程,利用Muller法进行特征值求解,进而分析弯曲河道二维湍流结构在不同弯曲度和雷诺数条件下的变化.结果表明,湍动能量主要由小尺度涡体结构产生的脉动来提供,小尺度涡体结构的演变比较剧烈,对河道弯曲度和雷诺数的改变也更敏感.另外,弯曲河道对拟序波有一定的选择性,也正是这些特征波的湍流结构促成了弯道的形成及保持.     

新疆煤田火区现状调查研究——小尺度区域热辐射信息分析

开展煤田火区现状调查,研究其对区域气候变化、生态响应系统的影响是评估自然灾害研究中的重要方面。选择新疆部分煤田火区进行了实地考察,开展了小尺度区域热辐射信息分析,依据现场实测资料分析,给出煤田热隐患状态的适度评定。分析结果表明：小尺度区域热辐射测量方法可用于判别已灭煤田火区的灭火效果分析及新形成火区探测;对于正在燃烧的煤田火区可判断火区的范围并为灭火提供参考依据。     

高剪切分散对多壁碳纳米管/VARTM用环氧树脂导电性能的影响

采用高剪切工艺促进了多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)在环氧树脂(EP)中的分散,借助真空辅助树脂传递模塑技术(VARTM)制备出MWNTs/EP复合材料试样,并研究在制备过程中采用不同高剪切工艺参数对复合材料导电性能的影响.结果表明,在一定范围内,随着高剪切时间或转速的增加,复合材料的导电性能呈现先升高后降低的趋势.在高剪切处理时间30min和转速22 000r/min时分别达到了高剪切时间和转速的最佳分散阈值,当MWNTs的添加量仅为1.5%时,EP的表面电阻率可以降低约5个数量级,但继续增加高剪切的时间或转速,复合材料的导电性能均出现劣化.同时运用扫描电镜(SEM)表征了多壁碳纳米管在环氧树脂中的分散情况.     

顶管施工隧道扰动区土体变形计算

针对目前已有顶管施工扰动区土体变形预计公式存在的缺陷,提出了一种新的扰动区土体变形计算方法.将顶管施工隧道周边岩土体看作一种随机介质,将隧道开挖(或挤压)所引起的土体移动看作一随机过程,应用随机介质理论,对顶管施工隧道开挖引起的扰动区土体的移动与变形进行分析,推导了相应的扰动区土体下沉(隆起)、倾斜、水平移动、水平变形及弯曲曲率计算公式,并编制了相应的计算程序.研究结果表明:该方法预计结果精度高;顶管施工引起的扰动区土体的变形较大,超出地表建筑物及地下管线的允许变形,在实际施工中应采取有效的防护措施.     

VCSEL光子神经Spiking动力学的抑制特性研究

理论研究了外部扰动信号的强度和持续时间对1 300 nm-VCSEL光子神经spiking动力学抑制特性的影响.研究结果表明:VCSEL在适当的外部连续光注入下可工作在重复频率为亚纳秒级的连续spiking区;在引入外部扰动信号后,对于较小的扰动信号强度,VCSEL的spiking动力学抑制特性不受影响.随着扰动信号强度的增加,VCSEL在扰动信号作用区可激发出重复频率更低的spikes信号.当扰动信号强度达到一定水平后,VCSEL在扰动信号作用区激发的spikes信号可被有效抑制.此外,被抑制的spikes信号区与外部扰动信号的持续时间基本一致.对于一定的扰动信号强度和持续时间,VCSEL激发的spikes信号在扰动信号作用范围可被完全抑制.     

压实方式影响路基湿度场演变规律数值试验研究

为研究路基湿度场受压实方式影响所产生的变化与分布问题,分别构建4种具备不同压实方式的路基数值试验模型,通过分析二维入渗方式的降雨试验结果,总结不同压实方式影响下路基湿度场扰动区的分布特征,以及扰动区扩距、路基湿度与梯度变化的主要规律,并阐述其根本机理。研究结果表明:降雨入渗路基产生湿度扰动区可划分为前、后2个区域,后区表现为湿度较大、梯度较小,前区表现则与后区相反;湿度扰动区扩距和湿度都随着路基压实度的增加而呈线性减小,前扰动区的湿度梯度随着路基压实度呈线性递增;雨水入渗路基速度矢量的竖向分量远大于水平向分量,受到路基压实区组合方式影响,非饱和扰动区的下层路基湿度随上层路基压实度增加呈线性显著降低。     

壁面局部扰动激发湍流边界层近壁区相干结构的一种理论模式探讨

在壁面局部扰动作用下,应用直接数值模拟的方法,研究探讨了湍流边界层近壁区相干结构形成的一种理论模式．数值结果表明,固壁表面某个局部位置存在的某种局部扰动能激发出湍流边界层近壁区的相干结构,其形成机理的许多方面与直接数值模拟和实验结果相符,且演化规律和特性与壁面局部扰动的强度、结构分布及加入到近壁区域内的局部扰动的能量多少等因素密切相关,这些关键性参数在湍流边界层近壁区相干结构成因的过程中起着重要的作用．因此,壁面局部扰动不仅给出了激发湍流边界层近壁区相干结构形成机制的一种理论方法,而且也完善了湍流边界层相干结构产生的物理模型．     

Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows

Generally, the motion of fluids is smooth and laminar at low speeds but becomes highly disordered and turbulent as the velocity increases. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can involve a sequence of instabilities in which the system realizes progressively more complicated states, or it can occur suddenly. Once the transition has taken place, it is generally assumed that, under steady conditions, the turbulent state will persist indefinitely. The flow of a fluid down a straight pipe provides a ubiquitous example of a shear flow undergoing a sudden transition from laminar to turbulent motion. Extensive calculations and experimental studies have shown that, at relatively low flow rates, turbulence in pipes is transient, and is characterized by an exponential distribution of lifetimes. They also suggest that for Reynolds numbers exceeding a critical value the lifetime diverges (that is, becomes infinitely large), marking a change from transient to persistent turbulence. Here we present experimental data and numerical calculations covering more than two decades of lifetimes, showing that the lifetime does not in fact diverge but rather increases exponentially with the Reynolds number. This implies that turbulence in pipes is only a transient event (contrary to the commonly accepted view), and that the turbulent and laminar states remain dynamically connected, suggesting avenues for turbulence control.     

Uniform resonant chaotic mixing in fluid flows

Laminar flows can produce particle trajectories that are chaotic, with nearby tracers separating exponentially in time. For time-periodic, two-dimensional flows and steady three-dimensional (3D) flows, enhancements in mixing due to chaotic advection are typically limited by impenetrable transport barriers that form at the boundaries between ordered and chaotic mixing regions. However, for time-dependent 3D flows, it has been proposed theoretically that completely uniform mixing is possible through a resonant mechanism called singularity-induced diffusion; this is thought to be the case even if the time-dependent and 3D perturbations are infinitesimally small. It is important to establish the conditions for which uniform mixing is possible and whether or not those conditions are met in flows that typically occur in nature. Here we report experimental and numerical studies of mixing in a laminar vortex flow that is weakly 3D and weakly time-periodic. The system is an oscillating horizontal vortex chain (produced by a magnetohydrodynamic technique) with a weak vertical secondary flow that is forced spontaneously by Ekman pumping--a mechanism common in vortical flows with rigid boundaries, occurring in many geophysical, industrial and biophysical flows. We observe completely uniform mixing, as predicted by singularity-induced diffusion, but only for oscillation periods close to typical circulation times.     

双质体冲击振动成型机混沌运动的延迟反馈控制

通过数值仿真研究了一类具有间隙的双质体冲击振动成型机的周期运动向混沌运动演化的全局分岔过程,并采用非线性延迟反馈方法控制该系统的混沌振动,延迟反馈控制利用系统处于混沌运动时的自身信息控制混沌,数值仿真的结果证明了这种方法的有效性．     

Microstructure of premixed propane/air flame in the transition from laminar to turbulent combustion

In order to explore the flame structure and propagation behavior of premixed propane/air in the transi-tion from laminar to turbulent combustion, the high speed camera and Schlieren images methods were used to record the photograph of flame propagation process in a semi-vented pipe. Meanwhile, the super-thin thermocouple and ionization current probe methods were applied to detect the temperature distribution and reaction intensity of combustion reaction. The characteristics of propane/air flame propagation and microstructure were analyzed in detail by the experimental results coupled with chemical reaction thermodynamics. In the test, the particular tulip flame behavior and the formation process in the laminar-turbulent transition were disclosed clearly. From the Schlieren images and iron current results, one conclusion can be drawn that the small-scale turbulent combustion also appeared in laminar flame, which made little influence on the flame shape, but increased the flame thickness obviously.     

Multiscales and cascading in isotropic turbulence

The explicit mapping method is used to analyze the nonlinear dynamical behavior for cascade in isotropic turbulence. This deductive scale analysis is shown to provide the first visual evidence of the celebrated Richardson-Kolmogorv cascade, and reveals in particular its multiscale character based on the statistical solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. The results also indicate that the energy cascading process has remarkable similarities with the deterministic construction rules of the logistic map. Cascade of period-doubling bifurcations have been seen in this isotropic turbulent system that exhibit chaotic behavior. The "cascade" appears as an infinite sequence of period-doubling bifurcations.     

An experimental study on fine structures of supersonic laminar/turbulent flow over a backward-facing step based on NPLS

Fine structures of supersonic flow over a 5 mm high backward facing step(BFS),including expansion wave fan,reattachment shock,supersonic boundary layer were measured in a Ma=3.0 low-noise indraft wind tunnel.By varying the superficial roughness of the wall upstream from the step,supersonic laminar flow and supersonic turbulent flow could be formed over a BFS.Measurements on the spatiotemporal features of the holistic flow field and the fine structures in four typical regions were carried out using NPLS(nano-based planar laser scattering).Flow structures,including expansion wave fan,reattachment shock,supersonic boundary layer and its separation,reattachment and redevelopment are revealed by measuring the holistic structure of the transient flow field.Comparing the two time-averaged flow fields with each other,it is apparent that supersonic turbulent flow over a BFS(STF-BFS) has a larger expansion angle and a shorter recirculation region,and its redeveloped boundary layer increases at a smaller obliquity while the angle of reattachment shock is the same for the supersonic laminar flow over a BFS(SLF-BFS).With regard to time-evolution features,the K-H vortices in the SLF-BFS suffers from shearing,expansion,reattachment and three-dimensional effects while in the STF-BFS large-scale structures are affected by the incline and distortion at the reattachment point due to expansion,viscosity and reverse-pressure.Studies on local regions indicate that in the SLF-BFS,the emergence of compression waves which distinctly converge into a reattachment shock is due to the local convective Mach number and the inducement of K-H vortices in the free shear layer.Nevertheless,in the STF-BFS,compression waves and K-H vortices are barely evident,and the formation of a reattachment shock is related to the wall compressive effect.     

应用激光流体应变率仪测量壁面阻力

激光流体应变率仪是能将流体边界层的近壁区线性速度分布与菲涅尔双棱镜分光形成的干涉条纹的间距线性特性结合起来的测量仪器,能够直接测量固体表面边界层的速度梯度,而且不干扰流场,并由速度梯度可推出壁面剪切应力。用这种仪器在二维流动管道中进行了测量层流和湍流的初步试验。试验表明,对层流的测量结果与理论分析基本一致。因此,该仪器可作为流体边界层的壁面阻力测量及监视工具。     

分布随从力作用下双参数非线性弹性地基上简支输流管道的参激振动

建立了非线性Pasternak地基上分布随从力作用下输流管道在振荡流作用下的运动方程,采用Galerkin法将系统的偏微分方程离散为常微分方程组。计算了简支输流管道的非线性动力响应,并利用分岔图、相平面图、Poincare映射图,分析了分布随从力、平均流速、地基剪切刚度对系统周期运动和混沌运动的影响。结果表明:以分布随从力为分岔参数,系统交替出现混沌运动和周期运动;以平均流速为分岔参数,系统具有非常复杂的动态响应,出现大范围的混沌运动和倍周期运动;增大地基剪切刚度不仅可以增加系统的稳定性,同时还对混沌运动有抑制作用;随着随从力增大,系统的稳定性下降。     

混沌保密系统中信号检测的阈值判定

目前,对于混沌保密光通信方法的研究早已引起了各国科学家的高度重视,混沌领域将成为一个极具开发价值的领域,而进行阈值判定成为对系统中混沌信号的检测的关键。在本论文中,我们将待测的微弱周期信号作为混沌系统的一种周期扰动,利用周期扰动抑制混沌运动的特性,使混沌系统实现从混沌临界态向大尺度周期态的转变,并通过仿真实现了混沌临界态向大尺度周期态的转变。     

Experimental study on interference effect of rarefaction wave on laminar propagating flame

In order to study the interference effect of rarefaction wave on the laminar flame propagating structure and pressure characteristics of methane-air mixture, a small scale combustion chamber has been built. The techniques of high speed Schlieren photograph, pressure measurement and so on, are used to study the influence of rarefaction wave on the laminar flame propagating through methane-air mixture. The results show that, after the rarefaction wave acts on the propagation laminar flame, the laminar combustion is fully transformed into turbulent combustion just during several milliseconds, which leads to a sharp increase in the burning surface area and the pressure rise rate.