The specific carbon isotopic compositions of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons from Fushun oil shale

Various branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are isolated from the Fushun oil shale and their carbon isotopes are determined. The analytical results show that the branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are fully separated from n-alkanes by 5 A molecular-sieve adduction using long time and cold solvent. The branched and cyclic hydrocarbon fraction obtained by this method is able to satisfy the analytic requests of GC-IRMS. The carbon isotopic compositions of these branched and cyclic hydrocarbons obtained from the sample indicate that they are derived from photoautotrophic algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria (-33.4‰— -39.0‰) and methanotrophic bacteria (-38.4‰— -46.3‰). However the long-chain 2-methyl-branched alkanes indicate that their carbon isotopic compositions reflect biological origin from higher plants. The carbon isotopic composition of C30 4-methyl sterane (-22.1‰) is the heaviest in all studied steranes, showing that the carbon source or growth condition for its precursor, dinoflageilate, may be different from that of regular steranes. The variation trend of δ^13C ValUes between isomers of hopanes shows that ^13C-enriched precursors take precedence in process of their epimerization. Methanotrophic hopanes presented reveal the processes of strong transformation of organic matter and cycling of organic carbon in the water column and early diagenesis of oil shale.     

Thermal cracking of n-octodecane and its geochemical significance

The mechanism of carbon isotopic fractionation for gaseous hydrocarbons is revealed by investigating the residual liquid hydrocarbons in laboratory pyrolysates of n-octodecane. The results indicate that cracking and polymerization in the relatively low temperatures and dispropor-tionation reactions leading to light hydrocarbons and pol-yaromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures are probably causes for the carbon isotope reversal of gaseous hydrocarbons that is commonly observed in pyrolysis experiments. This study provides significant insight for quantitative modeling of natural gas δ13C values and aid in the identification and assessment of natural gases derived from oil cracking.     

A 200-ka carbon isotope record from the South China Sea

Stable isotope of autogenous oceanic carbonate (e.g., calcite of foraminiferal shells) has become a basic tracer in paleoceanography. Oxygen isotope composi-tion (δ 18O) is generally controlled by factors, such as ice volume and water temperature, and is…     

Carbon isotopic composition of mantle xenoliths in alkali basalt from Damaping, Hebei

The carbon isotopic composition of CO-2, CO and CH-4 extracted by pyrolysis from spinel lherzolite and black pyroxenolite xenoliths in alkali basalt from Damaping has been measured with GC_MS. The results show that, at heating temperatures from 400 to 1 140℃, the δ 13C of CO-2 and CO is -22‰--27‰, and that of CH-4 -30‰--50‰. The data imply that the magma which was generated in the upper mantle by partial melting in the area has experienced the multistage degassing process, and the δ 13C values represent the carbon isotopic composition of CO-2, CO and CH-4 remaining in it, respectively.     

粘结剂炭的氧化动力学研究

两种粘结剂炭的氧化动力学实验表明，粘结剂炭氧化反应属一级反应。850℃、1000℃制备的中间相沥青（NJ8）的表现活化能分别为107.90kJ/mol和170．60kJ/mol，而酚醛树脂炭的表观活化能分别为65．01kJ/mol和97．63kJ/mol。可见中间相沥青（NJ8)炭的抗氧化性明显优于酚醛树脂炭。     

兰州市大气中NMHCs的稳定碳同位素组成及来源

利用Tenax TA吸附管采集了兰州市污染源和主要功能区冬季及夏季大气样品, 利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪分析了样品中非甲烷烃的稳定碳同位素组成。结果表明: 不同源排放的 NMHCs 的稳定碳同位素组成不同, 交通相关源中NMHCs的δC平均值为 - 28. 7‰, 显著低于燃煤烟气(-24.1‰); 夏季各功能区NMHCs 的δ¹³C值相差不大, 平均值在 - 29. 5‰ ～- 27. 4‰之间, 冬季西固工业区的 δ¹³C平均值(-25. 5‰)大于盘旋路(-28. 8‰) 和二电厂(-31. 2‰)。同位素来源分析结果显示: 盘旋路冬夏两季 NMHCs主要来源于交通相关源; 西固工业区冬季 NMHCs 主要来源于燃煤烟气, 夏季正烷烃和苯主要来源于交通相关源;二电厂冬季正戊烷、正己烷和苯等主要来源于交通相关源; 居民区夏季 NMHCs 则受到交通相关源排放的影响较大, 其他未知源也有贡献。冬夏两季大气中均检测出苯的存在, 且主要来源于交通相关源, 因此控制交通相关源的排放是降低致癌物质苯污染的关键。     

太原城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的碳同位素组成研究

报道了太原城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物的稳定碳同位素组成特征,并讨论了多环芳烃的来源.气相色谱/燃烧系统/同位素质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析表明,PAHs的δ13C值在非采暖季为-25.1‰～-27.2‰,采暖季为-23.8‰～-28.6‰.统计表明,不同采样点的样品中PAHs的δ13C区别不明显 (0.2‰＜σ＜ 0.9‰).两个季节四环多芳香烃化合物荧蒽、芘和苯并(a)蒽的δ13C没有明显的区别,δ13C的范围为-23.8‰～-25.9‰.随着分子量的增大其化合物的碳同位素组成富集13C 的能力减小,非采暖季的苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝的δ13C值分别为-27.2‰、-26.5‰和-25.4‰,采暖季为-26.1‰、-28.6‰和-24.1‰.利用二元复合同位素模型,估算了机动车尾气和煤的燃烧对太原城区苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝的贡献,机动车尾气排放对苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝的贡献率分别为50%、44%和35%;煤的燃烧产生的烟尘对其贡献为50%、56%和65%,太原市城区五环和六环多环芳烃污染是机动车排放和煤的燃烧为主的复合性污染.     

Carbon isotopic record of foraminifers in surface sediments from the South China Sea and its significance

Since the 1990s, the papers and data involved withthe South China Sea (SCS) have been emerging in largenumbers in the world as people pay more attention to thepaleoceanography of the SCS. There have been more than100 cores mentioned in papers containing p…     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组碳同位素特征及古海洋意义

通过对贵州瓮安含磷岩系剖面进行碳同位素分析,对震旦纪陡山沱期的成磷事件、生物事件及古海洋环境的变化进行了研究。瓮安大塘剖面陡山沱组碳酸盐岩碳同位素值表现为正偏移的趋势,与其他地区同期碳同位素变化趋势相似。这与大冰期后生物生产率的提高有关,其中的负偏移与环境的波动相关,环境的快速变化刺激了生物的进化。穿岩洞剖面上磷矿段的黑色碳质磷块岩获得的较低的有机碳同位素值与浮游生物吸收12 C有关,体现了生物有机质聚磷作用。该时期的碳酸盐岩碳同位素值的正偏移、磷矿的沉积与生物事件之间有一定的关联性,大洋深部的缺氧事件使底水富磷质;随着古海洋流通性的提高,富磷海水随上升洋流运移到浅海沉积成矿,并为生物圈供应营养物质,进而引发生物竞争及推动进化。     

利用桐籽壳制备活性炭的工艺研究

对以桐籽壳为原料、用氯化锌法制备活性炭的工艺进行了研究,采用正交试验优化了工艺参数.最佳工艺参数为：料液比质量比1∶2.0、氯化锌质量分数为50%、活化时间60 min、活化温度为60 ℃.在此工艺条件下所制备的活性炭,其碘吸附值为986.35 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为178.23 mg/g,表观密度为0.423 6 g/mL.     

物理活化法制备椰壳活性炭研究

以椰壳炭化料为原料采用水蒸气活化法在不同操作条件下制备得到各种椰壳活性炭.分别研究了水蒸气活化实验中活化时间和活化温度对活性炭的得率、活性炭碘值和苯酚吸附值的影响关系.实验结果表明,活化温度是水蒸气活化法制备椰壳活性炭的最重要的影响因素.在实验范围内,水蒸气活化法制备椰壳活性炭时,宜将活化温度选择在850℃左右,活化时间为120min.     

Climatic significance of stable carbon isotope in tree rings of Abies spectabibis in southeastern Tibet

The annually cross-dated stable carbon isotope of tree-ring a-cellulose of Abies spectabibis collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is used to examine its rela-tionship with climatic parameters. The residual D13C series in treerings is constructed after removing the effects of age trend and rising CO2. We found a close relationship between D13C in tree rings and the relative humidity of September—November of the previous year measured at the nearby Ny-ingchi Meteorological Station, albeit a strong 搇agged effect? Thus we developed a transfer function to reconstruct the autumn relative humidity for the Nyingchi region, which explained 37.9% of the total variance (p < 0.001). Our results suggest a high frequency and moderate amplitude variance of the relative humidity before 1800, and the variance re-versed afterwards.     

Analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from C3 and C4 plants and modern soils

The analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from modern plants and surface soils in China shows that the values of carbon isotope are consistent with those from C3 and C4 plants,and the processes of photosynthesis of the original plants can be clearly identified by carbon isotope in phytoliths.The value of carbon isotope varied from -23.8‰ to -28‰,with the maximum distributed in the latitude zone from 34° N to 40° N in North China and East China areas,and the minimum in the Northeast China and South China regions.The values of carbon of phytoliths tend to increase from low to high and then reduce to low value again as the latitude increases.In the same latitude zone,the carbon isotope in phytoliths from grassland soil under the trees is obviously lower than that from grassland soil without any trees with the difference of 1‰-2‰.     

北海市经济贝类基本成分和碳氮生源要素含量测定分析

广西沿海贝类资源丰富,在海洋渔业和海洋生态系统中意义重大。为获取用于开展贝类增养殖容量评估,构建食物链网、生源要素和能量流动模型,以及开展北部湾海域海洋牧场建设和碳汇渔业评估的基础数据,本研究对北海市常见的14种经济贝类进行相关数据的测定与分析。实验对从北海市市场收集的14种经济贝类的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)或壳高(SH)、体质量(BM)、壳质量(SM)、软体部质量(MSP)进行测量,并同时对软体部的水分、粗蛋白、能量、碳和氮的含量及稳定同位素丰度等进行测定。实验结果表明,不同贝类的出肉率差别较大,贝壳较薄的大獭蛤(Lutraria maxima)和缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)等可超过70%。双壳贝类的软体部含水率均超过85%,腹足类的软体部含水率不超过81%。贝类的有机碳含量为39.77%-47.36%,氮含量为8.25%-11.80%。双壳贝类中尖紫蛤(Soletellina acuta)δ¹³C最低,华贵栉孔扇贝(Chalamys nobilys)的δ¹³C最高;双壳贝类中华贵栉孔扇贝的δ¹⁵N最低,等边浅蛤(Macridiscus aequilatera)的δ¹⁵N最高。软体部能量含量为16.11-20.81 kJ/g。双壳贝类软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与其壳长(SL,cm)的关系符合指数模型E=a×e^b×SL,腹足类软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与其壳高(SH,cm)的关系符合指数模型E=a×e^b×SH;软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与体质量(BM,g)的关系符合线性公式E=a×BM+b。不同种类的贝类的基本成分和生源要素的特征存在差异,与已有文献报道不同海区的同种贝类相关数据也存在较大差异。因此,在进行生态学相关研究时,数据的收集非常重要,借鉴相关物种的数据要非常谨慎。     

低碳钢铁素体相区变形特性

采用平面应变压缩试验研究了Ｑ２３５级别低碳钢铁素体相区在５５０～７２０℃，应变速率 在５×１０－４～１０Ｓ－１范围的热变形特性．结果表明，在铁素体相区范围，所有流变曲线都观察到了 峰值应力的出现及随后“应力软化”进入稳态的现象，意味着动态回复或动态再结晶的发生．应 变速率越低，形变温度越高，出现应力峰值的临界应变量越小．Ｚ参数及应力峰值σｍ数值计算得 到Ｑ２３５级别低碳钢平面应变压缩的铁素体热变形激活能为３００．４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．     

二氧化碳回收系统的节能分析

通过对某酿酒厂二氧化碳回收系统液化、汽化方案进行节能潜力分析,并且实施了节能、节水优化改造,实现了投资少、收效大的目标．这些节能方案对于现有企业的工艺设备节能改造、利用低位热能、提高制冷系统能源利用率具有重要的参考价值,值得推广应用．     

不同自燃性煤氧化阶段的表征差异

对3种不同自燃倾向性煤样进行低温氧化实验,利用CO体积分数与煤体温度间变化的计算模型,求解出活化能和煤氧化过程发生转变的特征温度,同时结合热重-差示扫描量热(TGDSC,theremogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry)实验结果,分析了不同自燃性煤氧化特性和活化能的低温表征规律。结果表明:1)低温氧化阶段,CO生成量、耗氧量和耗氧速率随着煤自燃倾向性增强而增大;不同煤样在实验过程中出现同样的CO生成量和耗氧速率急剧上升的温度拐点,且煤的自燃性越强,该拐点温度越低,同时CO体积分数的变化具有明显的阶段性。2)不同自燃性煤氧化阶段活化能变化规律存在显著差异,当各煤样的温度到达活性温度时,活化能快速减少,且活化能变化点对应于煤氧化过程发生转变的特征温度点。3)根据煤特征温度和活化能的变化规律,把煤低温氧化进程分为4个阶段,分别为表面氧化、氧化自热、加速氧化和深度氧化。