光镊--光的力学效应的研究及应用

激光的发明使得光的力学效应走向了实际应用,光镊是光的力学效应的典型事例。简述了光镊技术的原理和特点——无损伤操控功能和微小力的传感器,介绍具有代表性的研究成果,并展望了光的力学效应研究和应用的发展。     

光镊技术在生命科学研究中的发展与应用

介绍了光镊技术的原理和系统结构,追踪了光镊操作和探测技术从微米到纳米的进展,最后给出了纳米光镊在生物技术领域的应用.     

Massively parallel manipulation of single cells and microparticles using optical images

The ability to manipulate biological cells and micrometre-scale particles plays an important role in many biological and colloidal science applications. However, conventional manipulation techniques--including optical tweezers, electrokinetic forces (electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, travelling-wave dielectrophoresis), magnetic tweezers, acoustic traps and hydrodynamic flows--cannot achieve high resolution and high throughput at the same time. Optical tweezers offer high resolution for trapping single particles, but have a limited manipulation area owing to tight focusing requirements; on the other hand, electrokinetic forces and other mechanisms provide high throughput, but lack the flexibility or the spatial resolution necessary for controlling individual cells. Here we present an optical image-driven dielectrophoresis technique that permits high-resolution patterning of electric fields on a photoconductive surface for manipulating single particles. It requires 100,000 times less optical intensity than optical tweezers. Using an incoherent light source (a light-emitting diode or a halogen lamp) and a digital micromirror spatial light modulator, we have demonstrated parallel manipulation of 15,000 particle traps on a 1.3 x 1.0 mm2 area. With direct optical imaging control, multiple manipulation functions are combined to achieve complex, multi-step manipulation protocols.     

单光刀与单光镊激光微束系统

提出了构建一种用于细胞非接触操作的激光微束系统。该系统由 Nd:YAG激光束经声压、热膨胀、汽化等综合效应实现的光刀和 He- Ne激光束经光学动力学效应实现的光镊组成。将两激光束耦合到显微镜中 ,实现了生物细胞的捕获、移动、翻转、打孔等一系列操作。在此基础上 ,分析了形成光镊所必需产生梯度力场的条件和形成光刀对能量的要求 ,进行了系统的总体设计、关键部件设计和选择 ,构建了一套激光微束操作实验系统 ,得到了预期的试验结果。在该系统上成功地实现了非接触细胞操作 ,并对染色体进行了切割。     

Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam

Optical tweezers are commonly used for manipulating microscopic particles, with applications in cell manipulation, colloid research, manipulation of micromachines and studies of the properties of light beams. Such tweezers work by the transfer of momentum from a tightly focused laser to the particle, which refracts and scatters the light and distorts the profile of the beam. The forces produced by this process cause the particle to be trapped near the beam focus. Conventional tweezers use gaussian light beams, which cannot trap particles in multiple locations more than a few micrometres apart in the axial direction, because of beam distortion by the particle and subsequent strong divergence from the focal plane. Bessel beams, however, do not diverge and, furthermore, if part of the beam is obstructed or distorted the beam reconstructs itself after a characteristic propagation distance. Here we show how this reconstructive property may be utilized within optical tweezers to trap particles in multiple, spatially separated sample cells with a single beam. Owing to the diffractionless nature of the Bessel beam, secondary trapped particles can reside in a second sample cell far removed ( approximately 3 mm) from the first cell. Such tweezers could be used for the simultaneous study of identically prepared ensembles of colloids and biological matter, and potentially offer enhanced control of 'lab-on-a-chip' and optically driven microstructures.     

微粒在飞秒激光光场中的受力特性分析

在分析微粒处于连续高斯光束光场和飞秒脉冲激光光场中轴向光阱力特性的基础上,用数值方法计算了两种情况下微粒所受的轴向力,比较了微粒在两种光场中所受轴向力和热效应的异同,导出了飞秒激光光镊实现对微粒捕获的条件．     

拉盖尔-高斯光束光镊捕获性质

利用T矩阵法研究光镊中微粒大小与入射光束波长相近时,光镊捕获效率与入射光束的阶数、微粒的折射率和尺寸大小的关系.对拉盖尔-高斯光束光镊和高斯光束光镊的轴向和横向捕获效率进行比较.计算结果表明:不同阶数的拉盖尔-高斯光束对微粒捕获效率的影响不同,阶数不超过4的拉盖尔-高斯光束的捕获效率高;微粒半径增加时,拉盖尔-高斯光束的轴向捕获效率逐渐增大,且捕获域也增加,高斯光束的最大捕获效率基本保持不变但捕获域逐渐增大;微粒折射率增加时,拉盖尔-高斯光束和高斯光束的轴向和横向捕获效率均先增加后递减,捕获效率出现了一个峰值,微粒折射率约在1.39~1.69是稳定捕获的最佳数值.     

Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams

Compact lasers that can produce a range of beam patterns are important for progress in several areas, including the improvement of optical tweezers, ultra-high-density optical memory and microfluidics. Here we engineer photonic crystals to generate semiconductor lasers that produce a range of beam patterns while maintaining stable single-mode oscillation. Our results could contribute to the realization of compact lasers that are capable of producing diverse beam patterns on demand.     

Measurements of leucocyte membrane elasticity based on the optical tweezers

A 1-μm in diameter polystyrene bead coated with lectin is trapped by optical tweezers whics is formed by a focused laser beam (740nm).A leucocyte adhered to the bottom of sample cell is chosen to close to the trapped bead.When their stable combination is confirmed,the leucocyte is displaced by moving the sample stage.A“tether”is then formed between the trapped bead and the membrane.The force acting on the tether is measured by a detector equipped on the optical tweezers system.The deformation of the membrane is diverse in different contact conditions.When the contact area is small,the tether is very thin and the force on it is 7.4pN(10^-12N),while the tether is much thicker under a larger contact area and its corresponding force is about 14pN.It is presumed that the latter is related to the deformation of cytoskeleton.     

基于拉曼镊子的发酵过程单细胞分析：应用与展望

微生物发酵是个复杂的过程,而细胞间的异质性对微生物发酵性能有重要的影响。通过单细胞分析了解微生物细胞的异质性,利于发酵环境的优化,从而减少细胞间的异质性,提高发酵性能。整合显微拉曼光谱和光学微操控的拉曼镊子是实时、无损、无须标记且快速灵敏的单细胞分析方法。本文重点回顾拉曼镊子在聚酯、类胡萝卜素、脂肪酸、生物乙醇以及重组蛋白等发酵生产过程中的应用,并分析其在应用上存在的不足。在克服自身不足、融合新的分析技术与数据处理方法后,拉曼镊子将是了解细胞异质性、认知复杂生物过程的有力手段。     

Making light work with optical tweezers.

Microscopic objects, including biological material, can be remotely manipulated with tightly focused beams of infrared laser light. The use of optical traps, or 'optical tweezers', holds great promise for noninvasive micromanipulation and mechanical measurement in cell biology. Optical tweezers are the 'tractor beams' of today's technology.     

Quantum engineering: an atom-sorting machine

Laser cooling and trapping techniques allow us to control and manipulate neutral atoms. Here we rearrange, with submicrometre precision, the positions and ordering of laser-trapped atoms within strings by manipulating individual atoms with optical tweezers. Strings of equidistant atoms created in this way could serve as a scalable memory for quantum information.     

光阱pN量级阱力的流体力学法测量系统

根据流体力学的分析 ,研究并计算了适合光镊操作生物粒子的无限大平板流场特性和流场分布 ,设计并研制了一套符合光镊pN(皮牛 )量级力测量的液体微循环系统和样品池 ,其液体微流量分流器和缓冲器解决了蠕动泵脉冲缺点 .实际测量和光阱力测试结果显示该系统满足光阱pN量级力的测量要求 .     

Bacterial chromatin organization by H-NS protein unravelled using dual DNA manipulation

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms contain DNA bridging proteins, which can have regulatory or architectural functions. The molecular and mechanical details of such proteins are hard to obtain, in particular if they involve non-specific interactions. The bacterial nucleoid consists of hundreds of DNA loops, shaped in part by non-specific DNA bridging proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) and SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins. We have developed an optical tweezers instrument that can independently handle two DNA molecules, which allows the systematic investigation of protein-mediated DNA-DNA interactions. Here we use this technique to investigate the abundant non-specific nucleoid-associated protein H-NS, and show that H-NS is dynamically organized between two DNA molecules in register with their helical pitch. Our optical tweezers also allow us to carry out dynamic force spectroscopy on non-specific DNA binding proteins and thereby to determine an energy landscape for the H-NS-DNA interaction. Our results explain how the bacterial nucleoid can be effectively compacted and organized, but be dynamic in nature and accessible to DNA-tracking motor enzymes. Finally, our experimental approach is widely applicable to other DNA bridging proteins, as well as to complex DNA interactions involving multiple DNA molecules.     

Verification of the Crooks fluctuation theorem and recovery of RNA folding free energies

Atomic force microscopes and optical tweezers are widely used to probe the mechanical properties of individual molecules and molecular interactions, by exerting mechanical forces that induce transitions such as unfolding or dissociation. These transitions often occur under nonequilibrium conditions and are associated with hysteresis effects-features usually taken to preclude the extraction of equilibrium information from the experimental data. But fluctuation theorems allow us to relate the work along nonequilibrium trajectories to thermodynamic free-energy differences. They have been shown to be applicable to single-molecule force measurements and have already provided information on the folding free energy of a RNA hairpin. Here we show that the Crooks fluctuation theorem can be used to determine folding free energies for folding and unfolding processes occurring in weak as well as strong nonequilibrium regimes, thereby providing a test of its validity under such conditions. We use optical tweezers to measure repeatedly the mechanical work associated with the unfolding and refolding of a small RNA hairpin and an RNA three-helix junction. The resultant work distributions are then analysed according to the theorem and allow us to determine the difference in folding free energy between an RNA molecule and a mutant differing only by one base pair, and the thermodynamic stabilizing effect of magnesium ions on the RNA structure.     

基于电动现象的细胞光镊阱力测量

提出了一种新的细胞光阱力标定的实验方法，利用细胞电泳原理，设计并研制了一套符合用光镊测力的电动样品池系统，用它替代单光镊操作系统中的普通样品池和高精密压电位移驱动平台，可以用电压调控细胞运动速度，系统相对简单、经济．实验测量结果为：在2～18V／cm电压梯度范围内，酵母细胞的运动速度与电压梯度成正线性关系，即在皮牛量级以下，最大光阱力与光镊光源的功率成线性增加关系．测量结果表明，该方法可实现对细胞光阱力的测量，还可用来测量细胞表面电量．     

全光网络中的光开关技术及应用

在整个光通信系统中，光开关是较为重要的光无源器件，在光网络系统中可对光信号进行选择性操作。光 开关的研究日益成为全光通信领域关注的焦点，总结了光开关在全光网络中的应用，介绍了光开关的基本工作原 理及光开关技术的进展。     

光镊拉曼光谱技术检测结肠癌细胞的研究

使用激光光镊拉曼光谱分析系统,测量了结肠癌病人的3种不同细胞的拉曼光谱。实验结果显示结肠癌细胞和正常细胞的拉曼光谱有明显的差异,这种差异可以由1002cm^-1和1300cm^-1处的峰值参数来标示。与正常细胞比,结肠癌细胞在1350cm^-1,1458cm^-1,1576cm^-1,1662cm^-1处的强度增加,表明在结肠癌组织细胞中核酸含量增加。在1300cm^-1,1442cm^-1,1647cm^-1,1739cm^-1处的强度减小,表明在结肠癌组织中脂类的含量减少。     

室内白光LED照明通信的现状与展望

白光LED具有电光转换效率高、节能、可靠、使用寿命长、高速调制特性,是公认的下一代绿色照明产品。室内白光LED照明通信是将LED照明技术和光通信技术相结合产生的一种新技术,这种通信的距离从数米到数十米,具有安全节能、通信容量大等显著特点,作为一个全新的无线通信手段,已经引起国内外越来越多的关注,是今后无线通信的一个重要方向。介绍了国内、外室内白光LED照明通信发展现状,分析了应解决的关键技术,并预测了室内白光LED照明通信的发展趋势。     

光镊在基因治疗中的实现

基因治疗综合了物理、化学、生物、医学等多门学科的技术,应用于基因的置换、修正、修饰、失活。治疗的关键措施是基因转移,既将目的基因导入靶细胞,这里通过介绍几种普通的物理导入方法的利弊,并通过对光镊原理的分析可以看出其在该领域的优势和重要地位。