Investigation of the ozone formation potential for ethanol using a smog chamber

The ozone formation reactivity of ethanol has been studied using chamber experiments and model simulations. The computer simulations are based on the MCM v3.1 mechanism with chamber-dependent auxiliary reactions. Results show that the MCM mechanism can well simulate C 2 H 5 OH-NO x chamber experiments in our experimental conditions, especially on ozone formation. C 2 H 5 OH-NO x irradiations are less sensitive to relative humidity than alkane species under our experimental conditions. In order to well simulate the experiments under high relative humidity conditions, inclusion of N 2 O 5 +H 2 O=2HNO 3 in the MCM mechanism is necessary. Under C 2 H 5 OH-limited conditions, the C 2 H 5 OH/NO x ratio shows a positive effect on d(O 3 -NO)/dt and RO 2 +HO 2 . High C 2 H 5 OH/NO x ratios enhance the production of organoperoxide radical and HO 2 radical concentrations, which leads to a much quicker accumulation of ozone. By using ozone isopleths under typical scenarios conditions, the actual ozone formation ability of ethanol is predicted to be 2.3-3.5 part per billion (ppb) in normal cities, 3.5-146 ppb in cities where ethanol gas are widely used, and 0.2-3.2 ppb in remote areas. And maximum ozone formation potential from ethanol is predicted to be 4.0-5.8 ppb in normal cities, 5.8-305 ppb in cities using ethanol gas, and 0.2-3.8 ppb in remote areas.     

在线测定烟雾箱实验中气相和气溶胶中有机酸

用实验室自制WEDD/AC采样装置在线采集烟雾箱实验中气相和气溶胶相样品,采用阀切换技术使两根浓缩柱交替浓缩样品,并用离子色谱-质谱仪检测其中的有机酸及无机阴离子。电导检测器的定量结果稳定,质谱检测器对于离子定性起关键作用。该方法无需样品预处理,可减少人为误差,非常适合连续的烟雾箱大气光化学反应,测定反应过程中微量有机酸含量的变化。     

基于激光吸收光谱的水泥工业废气检测方法

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术具有灵敏度高、选择性强、响应快速等特点。利用中心波长为1 579nm的光通信波段光纤耦合近红外分布反馈(DFB)式半导体激光器,结合波长调制技术,建立了基于TDLAS的水泥工业废气实时检测实验装置。通过波长调谐使激光波长同时覆盖CO和CO2的吸收线,实现对这两种成分的同时检测。CO和CO2的最低检测浓度可达4×10-5(体积分数),满足对水泥工业废气的检测要求。     

A kinetic study of the reaction of ozone with ethylene in a smog chamber under atmospheric conditions

Ozone is one of the key species in the processes of atmospheric chemistry, which can be taken as an indicator of oxidation capacity in the troposphere. The reaction of ozone with reactive gases is an important process in the troposphere. Experimental simulation equipment of smog chamber for atmospheric reactions is used to study the reaction of ozone with ethylene in real atmospheric environment with ozone concentrations of 100―200 ppb. The concentrations of ozone and ethylene were moni-tored during the reaction with the combination of Model 49C-O_3 Analyzer and GC-FID. A rate constant of 1.01×10~(-18) (cm~3·mol~(-1)·s-(~1)) was obtained at 286.5 K, under condition of which the half-life of ozone was 88 min. The results obtained from our experiments are in excellent agreement with those reported previously by other researchers under extremely low pressure in terms of matrixisolation technology. This demonstrates that our equipment of smog chamber for atmospheric reactions is reliable, which can be used for further research of the processes of atmospheric reactions.     

Measurement of femtometre-scale atomic displacements by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The frequencies of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements, which are oscillations occurring on the high-energy side of an X-ray absorption edge, can be used to identify interatomic distances in materials. We have used a dispersive X-ray spectrometer, which has no moving components, to make rapid measurements with minimal energy drift of the difference in EXAFS from the Fe K edge in an iron-cobalt thin film undergoing periodic strain through magnetostriction. We show that magnetostriction can be detected by differential X-ray absorption. The magnitude of the recorded signal relative to the noise shows a sensitivity to mean differential atomic motion of one femtometre: a factor of 100 times more sensitive than that normally available.     

压电沉淀吸附法用于硫酸根的测定

报道了一种利用压电沉淀吸附检测硫酸根离子的分析方法.在pH=3.0的柠檬二氢钠-柠檬酸的缓冲溶液中,硝酸钡和硫酸钠产生晶形沉淀,压电晶振表面因吸附硫酸钡沉淀而使晶振的谐振频率发生改变(Δf).通过实验选定了测量体系,并考察了缓冲溶液的pH值和温度等实验条件对Δf的影响.结果表明,硫酸根在0.8×10-4～1.0×10-3mol*L-1范围内,Δf与硫酸根浓度呈线性关系.将此传感器用于自来水中SO2-4的测定与离子色谱法测定结果相符.图5,表2,参7.     

关于人工影响消减雾霾的思考

 借助人工影响天气开展消减雾霾影响不失为一种有效的尝试。本文介绍消减雾霾可能采用的人工影响天气方法、原理、应用, 并分析其优缺点和关键问题。人工影响天气消减雾霾的主要方式包括人工增雨、人工消雾及消减干霾的物理化学方法。人工增雨和人工消过冷雾技术相对成熟, 但人工增雨作业依赖地理背景和天气条件, 不适用于消减处于发展阶段的雾霾。人工消暖雾尚未成熟, 有待研制更高效的暖云催化剂或开发新型消暖雾技术。喷水地球工程法需要进行更深入的理论分析, 结合实验寻找高效清除PM_2.5的方法。城市风道法因受地理环境和气象条件限制, 并不适用于所有城市。当然, 治理雾霾还要从社会经济发展方式、能源结构组成、节能减排和降低能耗等方面综合入手, 从根源上解决问题。     

用乙炔吸收方法实现光纤光栅外腔式半导体激光器稳频的研究

设计了用乙炔吸收方法稳频1.53μm光纤光栅外腔式半导体激光器的系统结构并简述了基本原理.系统中的吸收气室选用渐变折射率和带尾纤的光纤,提高了耦合的稳定性.采用三次谐波锁定技术,消除了背景功率的影响.利用锁定放大器闭环控制布拉格波长,将激光器的输出波长锁定在乙炔气体1530.37nm的吸收峰上,24h内频率稳定度达10-8.     

Ultrafast isomerization dynamics of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin as revealed by femtosecond absorption spectroscopy

A femtosecond （fs） broad-band absorption apparatus was used to measure the early photoisomerlzation process of bacteriorhodopain＇s （BR） photocycle to reveal the character of the important Intermediate of J625 and to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of photoisomerizaUon in BR photocycle. Two time constants of 0.5 pa （95%） and 2.0 pa （5%） were brought out by global fitting on thirty curves In the nser-lnfrared reglon. We suggest that the first time constant results from the decay of I480 intermediate, and the longer component might be associated with BR isomer. The global analysis over 450, 540, 630, 710 and 870 nm traces identified two time constants, -0.5 and -3 pa. The slower component can be extracted from the processes of both J625→BR568 （540 nm） and J625→K590 （630 nm）, suggesting J-intermediate takes a partial cis configuration. The obvious negative feature in early delay time of 700- 760 nm reglona was attributed to the radiative transition （stimulated emission） from the Franck-Condon actlve conflguratlon along the isomerization potential surface of all-trans-retinal.     

氨水鼓泡吸收强化实验中的倒吸现象及存在机理分析

设计和建立了纳米流体氨水鼓泡吸收强化的实验系统．实验中倒吸现象影响着实验系统的稳定性和实验结果的真实性．实验发现：在氨气定流量条件下,在敞开式鼓泡吸收实验时,不容易发生倒吸现象,在吸收器真空状态吸收实验时,容易发生倒吸现象;在定压实验且压力为130kPa以上的真空吸收实验时,不容易发生倒吸现象．结合实验现象,从化学动力学角度,对倒吸现象发生可能存在的机理进行了分析．同时发现,纳米流体对氨水与氨气的化学反应转化速率并没有多大影响,说明纳米流体对氨水的强化吸收是一种物理现象．