A multi-agent immunology model for security computer

This paper presents a computer immunology model for computer security, whose main components are defined as idea of Multi-Agent. It introduces the natural immune system on the principle, discusses the idea and characteristics of Multi-Agent. It gives a system model, and describes the structure and function of each agent. Also, the communication method between agents is described.     

大天鹅睾丸和附睾的组织结构及EGF,Bax,Bcl-2蛋白和iNOS的表达

为了解大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)睾丸和附睾的组织结构特征及相关活性物质的表达情况,用生物显微技术观察了大天鹅睾丸和附睾的组织结构,用免疫组织化学方法检测了EGF,Bax蛋白,Bcl-2蛋白和iNOS在睾丸和附睾中的表达.结果表明,大天鹅睾丸内生精小管主要由支持细胞和各级生精细胞构成,众多生精小管被睾丸间质隔开;附睾由输出小管和附睾管组成;大天鹅睾丸生精小管直径、生殖细胞大小、附睾管直径及上皮厚度等与其他脊椎动物存在差异;EGF,Bax蛋白,Bcl-2蛋白在睾丸生精小管管周的肌样细胞、精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞、间质细胞和附睾管上皮细胞等处呈免疫反应阳性;iNOS在睾丸间质内的血管壁及间质细胞、附睾管上皮细胞、附睾结缔组织等处有阳性表达;EGF可能参与其精子发生、获能及激素生成的调控过程;Bax蛋白和Bcl-2蛋白可能共同参与调控正常大天鹅睾丸和附睾细胞的凋亡;iNOS可能也参与雄性大天鹅各种生殖活动的调节.     

Innate immune recognition and regulation in liver injury: A brief report from a series of studies

The discovery of innate immune receptors and the emergence of liver immunology （high content of NK and NKT cells in liver） led to the second research summit in innate immunity since the finding of NK cells in the middle 1970s. Liver disease is one of the most dangerous threats to humans, and the progress in innate immunology and liver immunology made it possible to re-explain the cellular and mo- lecular immune mechanisms of liver disease. In the past ten years, we have found that innate recognition of hepatic NK and NKT subsets were involved in murine liver injury. We established a novel NK cell-dependent acute murine hepatitis model by activating Toll-like receptor-3 （TLR-3） with an injection of poly I：C, which may mimic mild viral hepatitis （such as Chronic Hepatitis B）. We observed that a network of innate immune cells including NK, NKT and Kupffer cells is involved in liver immune injury in our established NK cell-dependent murine,model. We noted that TLR-3 on Kupffer cells activated by pretreatment with poly I： C might protect against bacterial toxin （LPS）-induced fulminant hepatitis by down-regulating TLR-4 function, while TLR-3 pre-activation of NK cells might reduce Con A-induced NKT cell-mediated fulminant hepatitis by blocking NKT cell recruitment to the liver. We also found that the oversensitivity to injury by immune stimulation in HBV （hepatitis B virus） transgenic mice （full HBV gene-tg or HBs-tg） correlated to the over-expression of Real, an NKG2D （natural killer cell group 2D） ligand of NK cells or CDld, a ligand of TCR-V14 of NKT cells, on HBV＋ hepatocytes, which leads to an innate immune response against hepatocytes and is critical in liver immune injury and regeneration.     

音乐对提高人体免疫功能的多元性

免疫学的出现与发展,使人们逐渐意识到,在获得健康的诸多因素中,首要任务应该是提高自身的免疫力。人类精神因素是影响自身免疫力功能的重要因素之一。研究证明,音乐作为一门听觉艺术,其最重要的一面便是抒发个人的情怀,而这个过程却能激活人体免疫功能的活力,促进免疫功能的调节,改善免疫效力,从而提高自身的抗病能力。     

心理神经免疫学发展综述

二十世纪70年代初，Robert Ader开创了一个新的跨学科研究领域--心理神经免疫学，是一个研究行为、神经和内分泌功能与免疫过程之间相互影响的综合领域。从脑、行为、神经、内分泌、运动和心理六个方面与免疫的关系，介绍近些年来心理神经免疫学的研究进展情况，以有助于人们对心理神经免疫学这门学科的了解。     

运动、营养对免疫机能的影响研究

以现代免疫学和营养学的理论和应用研究为基础,主要对耐力运动、营养健康和免疫机能三者间的关系和相互影响进行了探讨。中等强度运动可增加机体的抗感染能力,而大运动量训练和竞赛可降低机体的免疫力。充足适当的营养是维持正常免疫功能的基础,运动时机体对各种营养素的需求增大,适当补充一些营养素有利于降低运动所致的免疫抑制的发生。     

基于multi-agent的仿生物免疫:计算机抗病毒研究新思路

从控制论的角度论述了计算机免疫和生物免疫的相似性;讨论了在计算机防病毒领域中应用multi-agent控制技术构筑计算机仿生物免疫系统的可行性和实用性;描述了系统实例及其优缺点;指出此项新技术的应用前景,并指明了未来的研究方向.     

肿瘤免疫:肿瘤治疗的新希望

 随着肿瘤学、免疫学及分子生物学等相关学科的迅速发展和交叉渗透,肿瘤免疫治疗技术突飞猛进,成为肿瘤治疗新的热点。肿瘤免疫治疗是应用免疫学原理和方法,提高肿瘤细胞的免疫原性和对效应细胞杀伤的敏感性,激发和增强机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,并应用免疫细胞和效应分子输注宿主体内,协同机体免疫系统杀伤肿瘤、抑制肿瘤生长。在某些肿瘤,如黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌等,免疫治疗展现出强大的抗肿瘤活性,部分免疫治疗药物已经获得美国FDA批准。2013年《Science》杂志将肿瘤的免疫治疗评为年度最重要的科学突破。免疫治疗成为继手术、放射治疗和化学治疗之后又一种重要的抗肿瘤治疗手段,成为攻克恶性肿瘤的希望。本文综述肿瘤免疫学的历史、发展规律、未来方向及中国的肿瘤免疫发展情况。     

Isolation and characterization of a protochordate histocompatibility locus

Histocompatibility--the ability of an organism to distinguish its own cells and tissue from those of another--is a universal phenomenon in the Metazoa. In vertebrates, histocompatibility is a function of the immune system controlled by a highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes proteins that target foreign molecules for immune cell recognition. The association of the MHC and immune function suggests an evolutionary relationship between metazoan histocompatibility and the origins of vertebrate immunity. However, the MHC of vertebrates is the only functionally characterized histocompatibility system; the mechanisms underlying this process in non-vertebrates are unknown. A primitive chordate, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, also undergoes a histocompatibility reaction controlled by a highly polymorphic locus. Here we describe the isolation of a candidate gene encoding an immunoglobulin superfamily member that, by itself, predicts the outcome of histocompatibility reactions. This is the first non-vertebrate histocompatibility gene described, and may provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity.     

BALB/c突变无毛小鼠免疫学特性指标的研究

BALB c突变无毛小鼠的突变基因是位于小鼠第 11号染色体上 ,定位结果表明该突变为一种新的影响小鼠皮肤和被毛结构的突变 ,被命名Uncv(Uncovered) ,已得到小鼠遗传国际命名委员会的认可 ,并已被小鼠基因组资料库收录。皮肤是机体最大的器官 ,也是机体与外界的主要生理屏障 ,它具有产生、维持局部免疫应答和炎症反应的能力 ,许多免疫应答都发生于皮肤。小鼠皮肤和被毛结构的突变是否影响机体的免疫功能 ,解剖观察和饲养繁殖情况表明该小鼠免疫器官健全 ,在普通饲养环境中能够繁殖。为了进一步研究BALB c突变无毛小鼠的突变基因免疫功能 ,…     

王锦蛇尿殖系统的组织学研究

对王锦蛇（Ｆｌａｐｈｅｃａｒｉｎａｔａ）尿殖系统的各个器官进行组织学研究的结果表明：其肾脏主要由肾单位和集合管构成，输尿管分粘膜层、肌层和外膜。卵巢外被生殖上皮，内为结缔组织构成。输卵管在形态结构上有前、中、后段的差异，睾丸外被结缔组织膜，内为曲细精管，小管内含有不同发育阶段的生殖细胞。副睾被睾丸系膜与睾丸包裹在一起，内含副睾管，输精管分粘膜层、肌层和外膜，交接囊各段的组织结构不同，远端有类似于哺乳类阴茎的海绵体和血窦，体现了爬行类与哺乳类有渊源关系。     

短蛸血细胞的形态结构、类型、细胞化学特性及其吞噬活性研究

血细胞作为免疫防御的第一道防线,在软体动物的非特异性免疫系统中具有重要作用.为了揭示头足类动物血细胞的形态结构、生物学性质及其免疫学功能,实验利用活体染色、细胞化学和电镜技术等对短蛸血细胞的形态结构、类型、细胞化学性质及其弧菌吞噬活性进行了研究.研究结果显示：短蛸血细胞具有大透明细胞、小透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞4种类型.大透明细胞约占血细胞总数22.6%,平均直径为11.64±0.82?μm,胞质中没有或仅含有很少量的颗粒,细胞表面光滑无伪足伸出;小透明细胞约占血细胞总数的1.7%,平均直径为8.88±0.88?μm,胞质中仅含有少量颗粒,细胞核对台盼蓝呈阳性反应,核质比较大;小颗粒细胞约占血细胞总数的50.7%,平均直径为12.82±1.54?μm,胞质中具有许多大小较为均一的嗜碱性小颗粒,有些细胞内还含有小空泡,不为中性红所着色,疑为颗粒脱内容物所致,细胞表面有较短伪足伸出;大颗粒细胞约占血细胞总数的25.20%,平均直径为13.66±1.50?μm,胞质中具有大小不匀的许多嗜碱性颗粒,有些细胞内也含有不为中性红所着色的较大空泡,细胞表面有许多长伪足伸出.颗粒细胞中所含有的大量嗜碱性颗粒可能与蛋白质等分泌物的活跃合成有关.大颗粒细胞还具有全质分泌的特性,小透明细胞极可能是大颗粒细胞全质分泌后的一时性残余胞体.弧菌吞噬实验结果表明,两类透明细胞均没有弧菌吞噬活性,两类颗粒细胞均具有弧菌吞噬活性,暗示这两种颗粒细胞很可能是短蛸发挥细胞免疫功能的关键性细胞,不仅与某些物质的活跃合成与分泌有关,而且可能还直接参与了外来病原的吞噬及清除.研究结果为揭示短蛸血细胞在非特异性免疫防御中的作用奠定了基础,对于丰富软体动物免疫学也具有重要的科学价值.     

基于免疫原理的入侵检测模型研究

通过对基于免疫原理的入侵检测相关技术的深入研究,在现有的计算机免疫学及入侵检测系统相关研究的基础上,提出了一种新的基于免疫原理的网络入侵检测系统模型,并对其进行了状态定义及分析.     

多糖的免疫调节功能研究进展

多糖广泛存在于植物、动物和微生物细胞和细胞壁中,是构成生命的4大基本物质之一,同时也是一类具有免疫调节活性的生物大分子物质,它对机体的特异性和非特异性免疫功能具有增强作用,其作用机制是通过刺激单核-巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能、促进淋巴细胞增殖和转化、促进抗体生成、诱导细胞因子的分泌、激活补体系统等途径实现对机体免疫系统功能的调节.多糖的生物学活性及其药理作用是国内外科研工作者研究的重要课题之一.文中主要综述了国内外多糖的免疫调节药理作用及其机制的研究概况.     

Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state

The capacity of immunity to control and shape cancer, that is, cancer immunoediting, is the result of three processes that function either independently or in sequence: elimination (cancer immunosurveillance, in which immunity functions as an extrinsic tumour suppressor in naive hosts); equilibrium (expansion of transformed cells is held in check by immunity); and escape (tumour cell variants with dampened immunogenicity or the capacity to attenuate immune responses grow into clinically apparent cancers). Extensive experimental support now exists for the elimination and escape processes because immunodeficient mice develop more carcinogen-induced and spontaneous cancers than wild-type mice, and tumour cells from immunodeficient mice are more immunogenic than those from immunocompetent mice. In contrast, the equilibrium process was inferred largely from clinical observations, including reports of transplantation of undetected (occult) cancer from organ donor into immunosuppressed recipients. Herein we use a mouse model of primary chemical carcinogenesis and demonstrate that equilibrium occurs, is mechanistically distinguishable from elimination and escape, and that neoplastic cells in equilibrium are transformed but proliferate poorly in vivo. We also show that tumour cells in equilibrium are unedited but become edited when they spontaneously escape immune control and grow into clinically apparent tumours. These results reveal that, in addition to destroying tumour cells and sculpting tumour immunogenicity, the immune system of a naive mouse can also restrain cancer growth for extended time periods.     

Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells

Pathogens can find their ways to most sites in the host. Pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors （TLRs）, must be equally and broadly distributed on immune cells to combat them through innate and adaptive immunity. Most classes of TLRs are found in innate immune cells to obtain an immediate response against pathogens, but recent studies indicate that a number of TLRs are wildly expressed in T and B cells, suggesting TLRs also directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of TLRs, in this paper we aim to review several main properties of TLRs and their direct role in T and B cells. This review consists of 6 parts： （i） Characteristics of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） and signaling; （ii） signalling pathways of TLRs; （iii） TLR expressions on human leukocytes; （iv） TLR expressions and functions in the Thl, CD4^＋CD45RO^＋ memory T cells and regulatory/suppressor T as well as B cell populations; （v） therapeutic potential of TLR agonists; （Vi） discussion and perspective. The latest findings and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. There is growing evidence supporting the concept that TLR activation contributes not only to innate immunity but also to adaptive immunity, including direct regulation of both T and B lymphocytes by TLRs.     

桁架结构优化设计的免疫克隆选择算法

为了解决带有应力约束和位移约束的桁架的尺寸优化问题,将免疫克隆选择算法应用于结构的尺寸优化设计.根据免疫学基本原理,在基本克隆选择算法的基础上引入精英策略,并给出合理的参数值.在桁架结构优化的数学模型中,采用惩罚函数法处理违反约束的情况.最后对几个经典的桁架进行了优化.数值结果表明,改进的免疫克隆算法收敛速度快、鲁棒性好,可以应用于桁架结构的优化设计.     

过度运动、适度运动与免疫

随着免疫学的发展，运动与免疫机能的关系越来越受到人们的关注。不同的运动形式和运动强度对免疫机能的影响也不同，适宜的运动强度和运动量，能提高机体的免疫机能，而过度运动，则降低机体的免疫机能，使运动能力下降。     

Epithelial-cell-intrinsic IKK-beta expression regulates intestinal immune homeostasis

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide a primary physical barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but the influence of IECs on the development and regulation of immunity to infection is unknown. Here we show that IEC-intrinsic IkappaB kinase (IKK)-beta-dependent gene expression is a critical regulator of responses of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in the GI tract. Mice with an IEC-specific deletion of IKK-beta show a reduced expression of the epithelial-cell-restricted cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the intestine and, after infection with the gut-dwelling parasite Trichuris, fail to develop a pathogen-specific CD4+ T helper type 2 (T(H)2) response and are unable to eradicate infection. Further, these animals show exacerbated production of dendritic-cell-derived interleukin-12/23p40 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, increased levels of CD4+ T-cell-derived interferon-gamma and interleukin-17, and develop severe intestinal inflammation. Blockade of proinflammatory cytokines during Trichuris infection ablates the requirement for IKK-beta in IECs to promote CD4+ T(H)2 cell-dependent immunity, identifying an essential function for IECs in tissue-specific conditioning of dendritic cells and limiting type 1 cytokine production in the GI tract. These results indicate that the balance of IKK-beta-dependent gene expression in the intestinal epithelium is crucial in intestinal immune homeostasis by promoting mucosal immunity and limiting chronic inflammation.     

运动与机体免疫的研究进展

采用文献资料法，综述了近年来运动与免疫的部分研究进展，着重论述了运动对机体免疫细胞的影响以及神经内分泌对机体免疫系统功能的调节机理，并对运动与免疫的研究前景进行了阐述。