Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：Materials, Technology and Application

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a clean, pollution-free technology for the electrochemical conversion of chemical energy of hydrocarbon fuels into electricity. Many programs are being initiated in the United States, Europe, Japan and so on. The funding for SOFC development worldwide has risen dramatically and this trend is expected to continue for at least the next decades. These development programs are also investigating wider applications of SOFCs in stationary, residential, transportation and military sectors. Finally, it is summarized the key materials and fabrication processes of SOFC in this paper.     

Solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes

Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for electrical power generation because of their very high efficiencies and low pollution levels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are generally considered to be the most viable approach for mobile applications. However, these membranes require humid operating conditions, which limit the temperature of operation to less than 100 degrees C; they are also permeable to methanol and hydrogen, which lowers fuel efficiency. Solid, inorganic, acid compounds (or simply, solid acids) such as CsHSO4 and Rb3H(SeO4)2 have been widely studied because of their high proton conductivities and phase-transition behaviour. For fuel-cell applications they offer the advantages of anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability (up to 250 degrees C). Until now, however, solid acids have not been considered viable fuel-cell electrolyte alternatives owing to their solubility in water and extreme ductility at raised temperatures (above approximately 125 degrees C). Here we show that a cell made of a CsHSO4 electrolyte membrane (about 1.5 mm thick) operating at 150-160 degrees C in a H2/O2 configuration exhibits promising electrochemical performances: open circuit voltages of 1.11 V and current densities of 44 mA cm-2 at short circuit. Moreover, the solid-acid properties were not affected by exposure to humid atmospheres. Although these initial results show promise for applications, the use of solid acids in fuel cells will require the development of fabrication techniques to reduce electrolyte thickness, and an assessment of possible sulphur reduction following prolonged exposure to hydrogen.     

Present status and future prospect of design of Pt–cerium oxide electrodes for fuel cell applications

In the research field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the design of electrocatalytic activities on Pt-oxide promoter in the anode side has attracted attention for improvement of CO tolerance of Pt in anode side and a lowering of large over-potential loss of the oxygen reduction reaction on the cathode in the fuel cells. In the Pt-oxide promoter series, Pt–CeOx/C is one of the unique systems. It is because the unique behavior of CeOx such as electrochemical redox reaction between Ce3t and Ce4t in the anodic and cathodic reactions of fuel cell is observed. The present short review gives an overview of the recent works for improvement of the CO tolerance of Pt in the Pt–CeOx/C anodes and enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction activity on Pt in the Pt–CeOx/C cathodes for fuel cell application. To show the design paradigm for fabrication of high quality Pt–CeOx/C electrodes, the authors re-introduced parts of our research results to highlight the important role of interface structure of Pt–CeOx based on the ultimate analysis results. The usefulness of the combined approach of microanalysis and the processing route design is presented.     

考虑离散型变量的拼焊板结构耐撞性优化设计

为了进一步了解拼焊板结构的耐撞性以提高其设计水平,将其设计变量(例如材料等级和厚度属性等)在离散空间内给定并进行耐撞性优化设计.分析了焊缝位置和焊点间距对耐撞性能的影响,通过对比可知前者对加速度影响更大.结合非支配序列遗传算法对拼焊板结构进行了多目标优化设计,优化后结构的峰值力降低31.09%,比吸能增加6.84%.优化结果表明:该优化策略能为车身拼焊板结构的轻量化和耐撞性设计提供指导,具有一定的工程意义.     

微生物燃料电池性能优化及微生物分析

为了进一步提高微生物燃料电池的运行性能,提高硝酸盐降解率及改善电能输出情况,以城镇污水处理厂二沉池污泥为接种源,硝酸钠为电子受体运行典型单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)。以1g/L无水乙酸钠、50 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液为模拟废水成功启动MFC,运行稳定后,通过碳源、碳氮比(C/N)、硝酸盐浓度、温度4个因素来优化MFC运行性能。实验结果表明:在温度为30℃、无水乙酸钠为碳源、C/N=5∶1、硝酸盐质量浓度为200mg/L时MFC运行性能最佳,硝酸盐去除率均可达到90%以上,最大电压可达到0.462V。最佳状态下经6个周期运行,MFC最高电压为0.62V,功率密度高达4.53 W/m2;交流阻抗分析最佳运行状态下MFC内阻为130Ω,扫描电镜观察到电极表面微生物种类及数量均明显增多。研究证明MFC可以作为含硝酸盐废水产能净化的有效技术。     

面向返工量变化的产品设计过程分析与优化

产品设计过程中的返工导致产品开发成本和时间的增加。为了减少设计迭代、缩短设计时间、降低成本,应用设计结构矩阵（DSM ）方法建立产品设计活动之间的关系依赖矩阵,构建考虑返工量变化的设计过程多目标优化函数,并采用遗传算法对函数模型进行优化求解,最后通过算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

考虑自由表面的组合拖曳体阻力计算与设计优化

拖曳体作为一种水下设备,主要用于水下探测、海底地形勘探.其可以按照具体的需求进行设计,故拥有较强的实用性.组合拖曳体具有多个单体,结构复杂,相互干扰之下使得兴波阻力难以计算.因此以一种拥有水上部分的大型组合拖曳体的设计为背景,借助模型拖曳阻力试验,基于CFD理论,使用Star CCM商业软件,配合笛卡尔网格的离散形式,对水面拖曳体的阻力进行计算.通过与试验阻力值的对比,验证了数值算法的准确性.同时,基于计算结果及设计约束条件,对拖曳体结构外形进行优化,并使用数值方法进行了计算,计算结果表明优化后的拖曳体总阻力值有25%的下降.     

燃料电池观光汽车动力系统参数的匹配与优化

为改善燃料电池观光车整车动力性与经济性的问题,首先对整车动力系统的主要部件进行选型;然后在满足动力性设计要求的条件下,以经济性最低为目标,利用遗传算法与ADVISOR联合仿真选择最佳的动力源功率匹配方案,最后基于模糊控制的功率跟随式控制策略,在ADVISOR平台下进行仿真测试。经验证,整车设计方案及改进的控制策略可有效提高燃料电池的效率,降低氢耗8.6%。     

阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池电化学数值分析

根据阳极支撑平板型固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)的工作原理,建立了SOFC的三维热流电化学模型,研究燃料电池进气方式、进气速率、燃料气组成对其温度场、燃料利用率以及电池性能的影响.结果表明,相比于反向进气方式,采用同向进气,电池温度分布更均匀,热应力更小;适当提高阴极侧空气进气速率会降低电池平均温度和热应力,同时也有利于提高电池功率密度和燃料利用率;增加燃料气的进气摩尔分数,反应速率、系统温度梯度和功率密度随之加大,由于温度梯度的增大最终导致热应力增加.     

固体氧化物燃料电池系统仿真分析与控制

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）系统是一个非线性、多变量和强耦合的系统,很难用传统的建模方法来建立。本文基于BP神经网络的方法,利用MATLAB/Simulink平台构建SOFC系统模型,并在该模型的基础上增加PID控制,实现了闭环控制系统的分析。实验结果表明,该模型预测精度高,由预测模型得出的温度数据与实际数据的绝对误差为0.011%,增加的PID控制算法具有很强的抗干扰能力。     

阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池的研制

采用固相反应法制备出Gd2O3掺杂CeO2(GDC);用流延法制备阳极;用丝网印刷法制备电解质层及阴极;对GDC的相成分和热膨胀系数进行了测试分析;对阳极和电解质烧结后的孔隙率、密度及显微组织进行了表征．试验结果表明,采用流延法及丝网印刷法,通过选取合适的粉末原料,调整并优化制备过程的工艺参数,可以制备出具有良好组织结构和性能的阳极支撑型中温SOFC单电池。     

Control system design of hybrid fuel cell city bus

This paper introduced the design of the hybrid powertrain of the Fuel Cell City Bus demonstrated in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The configuration of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain was introduced. The safety of hydrogen storage and delivery system, the hydrogen leakage alarm system were developed. The real-time distributed control and diagnosis system based on the Time Trigger Controller Area Network (TTCAN) with 10 ms basic control period was developed. The concept and implementation of processor (or controller) monitor and process (or task) monitor technique based on the TTCAN were applied in this paper. The fault tolerant control algorithm of the fuel cell engine and the battery management system were considered. The demonstration experience verified that the fault tolerant control was very important for the fuel cell city bus.     

燃料电池混合动力轿车控制策略与参数优化

以某国产经济型轿车为平台,对其动力总成进行了燃料电池混合动力驱动系统的虚拟改装．为提高其整车的经济性和动力性,使用ADVISOR软件对整车性能进行仿真分析,研究了燃料电池混合动力驱动系统开关控制模式和功率跟随控制模式的特性,确定功率跟随控制模式为适合该车型的控制策略．分析了4种典型驱动工况下不同混合动力度的整车经济性及动力性,其中50％的混合动力度是适用于该车型燃料电池混合动力驱动系统最优配置．在此最优配置下,以最小氢气燃料消耗为目标,优化主减速比、燃料电池的最大和最小工作功率以及蓄电池的充电功率,得到了燃料电池混合动力系统的最佳工作点．     

镍氢电池热管理系统结构优化设计研究

本文利用风扇强制对流换热,对120节6AH镍氢电池进行热管理结构设计和性能研究。在镍氢电池热管理系统的结构设计中,合理、科学的利用了有限的空间。并应用Fluent软件对热管理结构设计进行数值模拟,根据数值分析结果改进系统结构并做出实体样品。样品试验结果表明,热管理系统达到了预期的要求。     

考虑热探针接触热阻的热物性测量方法研究

提出了基于考虑接触热阻的热探针导热微分方程的精确解,利用蒙特卡罗反演和分层修正的热探针热物性测量方法,可以同时测量热导率、比热容等热物性参数.利用该方法,对一些液体和固体材料的热导率进行了测量,并与其他测量方法的结果进行了分析与比较.结果表明,采用该方法所得热导率具有较高的精度,平均测量误差约为1.1%;进而针对比热容反演精度较低的问题,论文采用分层修正方法后,比热容的平均测量误差可达到2.6%,精度有了较大提高.对测量结果进行比较发现,接触热阻对固体热导率影响较大,对液体热导率的影响可以忽略;接触热阻对比热容的测量结果的影响不大.     

中低温固体氧化物燃料电池电解质材料研究进展

 固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是一种全固态的电化学能量转换装置,它的能量转换效率高达70%,且其尾气中的有毒成分含量极低,是未来化石燃料发电技术的理想选择之一。SOFC 具有较宽的工作温度范围,通常在450~1000℃。高温下（800~1000℃）尽管SOFC 在燃料选择方面具有更高的灵活性,但是材料性能衰减的加快、运营成本的提高,以及系统的开关速度变慢等一系列缺点也愈加明显。因而,SOFC 主要朝着低温化的趋势发展。降低SOFC 工作温度最有效的方法是提高固体电解质的电导率,以尽量减少电池的欧姆阻抗。本文综述了萤石型、钙钛矿型和复合型3 类固体电解质材料国内外的研究进展,同时展望了未来中低温SOFC 电解质材料的研究方向。钙钛矿型电解质材料在中低温下具有较高的纯离子电导率,且具备丰富的改性空间,有望成为将来中低温SOFC 电解质材料的首选。     

考虑场板边缘效应的SOI-pLDMOS表面电场模型及器件优化设计

针对带有栅极场板的绝缘体上硅p型横向双扩散场效应晶体管(SOI-p LDMOS),提出了一种新型表面电场解析模型.相比于传统模型,该模型充分考虑了场板边缘效应对电场分布的影响,验证结果显示新模型能更好地符合Medici数值仿真结果.此外,基于所建立的器件表面电场模型,研究了栅极场板长度(包括多晶硅场板和金属场板)及漂移区掺杂浓度对器件表面电场分布和击穿特性的影响,进而对SOI-p LDMOS进行了优化设计.流片测试表明,所建立的新型表面电场解析模型能够很好地指导器件参数设计,实现了器件耐压和导通电阻的最佳折中.     

燃料电池汽车整车热管理系统设计与仿真分析

以某款燃料电池汽车为研究对象,综合考虑车辆的整车布置环境和热管理要求,设计了一套完整的氢燃料电池汽车热管理系统;对关键零部件进行选型与性能匹配设计,运用AMESim软件搭建热管理系统一维仿真模型并进行可信度验证。通过冷却液输入流量、零部件进出水温度及温差等指标对不同工况下的氢燃料电池汽车热管理系统进行仿真分析,结果表明:除电堆和中冷器出水温度在峰值工况下达到极限值不宜长时间工作外,该系统其余工况均运行良好,满足设计要求,可为今后研发燃料电池汽车整车热管理系统提供一定设计思路。     

Disruption of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation

Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect-defect interactions start to dominate. Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 degrees C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels, although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date--Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets--suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur, carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels.