钢筋混凝土电化学除氯的试验研究

通过试验,研究了钢筋混凝土电化学除氯时所采用的电流密度、电量以及初始氯离子含量对除氯效果的影响,同时监测了除氯前后混凝土中钢筋的电位以及钢筋周围混凝土组成的变化情况。结果表明:初始氯含量、电流密度、电量对除氯效率均有不同程度的影响;除氯后钢筋电位向正向偏移,腐蚀的可能性降低;除氯后钢筋周围的Ca(OH)2含量增加,有利于钢筋的钝化恢复。     

恒电流脉冲法研究钢筋在模拟混凝土孔溶液中的腐蚀行为

通过恒电流脉冲法研究了钢筋在不同pH值模拟混凝土孔溶液中的腐蚀行为.应用时间常数与双电层电容计算了钢筋的极化电阻.结果表明:钝化钢筋的时间常数大于活化腐蚀钢筋,钝化钢筋的双电层电容比活化腐蚀钢筋小;腐蚀末期较好的抗腐蚀能力证实了钢筋在CP模拟液(pH13·6)中形成的钝化膜比在CH模拟液(pH12·5)中更致密,耐蚀性更好,而在CN模拟液(pH11·0)中基本无法形成完整的钝化膜;SO2-4与SiO2-3加入CP模拟液能提高钢筋的极化电阻,钢筋表面形成了更致密的钝化膜,在腐蚀末期钢筋表现出了更好的耐蚀性.最后,比较了恒电流脉冲、线性极化及电化学阻抗谱所测的极化电阻与腐蚀电流密度,表明这三种电化学方法在测试钢筋腐蚀速率方面具有较好的相关性.     

混凝土环境中钢筋钝化性能研究进展

 综述了混凝土环境中钢筋钝化特征的常见表征方法,着重介绍了开路电位（OCP）、循环极化、交流阻抗（EIS）、Mott-Schottky 曲线、光电子能谱（XPS）、微区拉曼光谱（μ-Raman）等技术在分析钢筋钝化性能方面的用途。总结了混凝土环境中Cl-浓度、pH 值、应力作用等因素对钢筋钝化性能的影响,随着Cl-浓度的增加、pH 值的降低、应力作用的增大,钢筋的钝化性能降低,其腐蚀倾向明显增加。最后对后续的钢筋钝化性能研究做了展望。     

水泥基材料裂缝对钢筋锈蚀过程的影响

裂缝的存在对混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀过程有重大影响,目前关于裂缝对钢筋锈蚀过程的影响程度有很多不同的观点.针对该问题,在实验室条件下利用模拟的海水氯盐环境对带裂缝的圆饼试验中铁丝的锈蚀过程进行了研究.研究首先将铁丝预埋入圆饼形砂浆试件,待试件具有一定强度后,利用机械方法在圆饼表面制造不同宽度的贯穿与非贯穿裂缝;然后通过比较裂缝底部暴露的铁丝表面和未暴露表面随时间的不同腐蚀程度来确定裂缝的存在对锈蚀过程的影响.研究表明:当贯穿裂纹的表面宽度为0.5mm时,锈蚀位置与裂缝位置的相关性大于60%;裂纹宽度为0.2mm时,两者的相关程度低于20%.     

电化学方法研究混凝土模拟液中细晶粒钢的耐蚀性

通过腐蚀电位、线性极化法与循环极化法等电化学方法研究了细晶粒钢和普通低碳钢在模拟混凝土孔溶液中的均匀腐蚀与点蚀行为,并考虑了砂磨和未处理两种钢筋表面状况对钢筋腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,细晶粒钢与普通低碳钢在模拟液中的耐均匀腐蚀的能力很接近;砂磨钢筋的钝化效果比未处理钢筋好;腐蚀末期砂磨钢筋表现出比未处理钢筋更强的抑制均匀腐蚀能力.循环极化测试表明：砂磨钢筋由于其相对均匀的表面组织形貌,故表现出比未处理钢筋更好的抑制点蚀能力;其次,由于细晶粒钢含有较多晶界,晶界处含有较多易发生点蚀的夹杂,故表面未处理细晶粒钢发生点蚀的概率稍大于未处理低碳钢.     

盐湖地区氯氧镁水泥混凝土中钢筋涂层防护试验

基于西部盐湖地区出现的"镁害"问题,结合盐湖地区实际环境,以氯氧镁水泥混凝土中裸露钢筋作为对照组,研究不同涂层对氯氧镁水泥混凝土中钢筋的防护效果。采用CS350电化学工作站,对氯氧镁水泥混凝土中钢筋的电化学腐蚀行为进行研究。结合SEM微观实验,对氯氧镁水泥混凝土中裸露钢筋腐蚀状况进行描述。研究结果表明:达克罗、BNC和久美特等涂层钢筋的腐蚀速率分别为裸露钢筋腐蚀速率的1/24~1/16,1/35~1/21,1/318~1/79。钢筋涂层防腐蚀性能从高到低依次为:久美特涂层、BNC涂层、达克罗涂层;涂层钢筋虽然防腐效果相差很大,但明显有利于钢筋的防腐。     

基于极化曲线的镁水泥混凝土中钢筋腐蚀试验

针对西部盐湖地区出现破坏盐湖资源环境生态平衡的镁害问题,结合西部盐湖地区建筑材料受盐卤腐蚀破坏严重的状况,模拟西部盐湖环境条件,进行镁水泥钢筋混凝土中不同涂层钢筋的室内快速腐蚀试验.镁水泥混凝土中的裸露钢筋作为对照组,其他经过涂层处理的四组钢筋作为试验组;通过CS350电化学工作站对钢筋的电化学腐蚀行为进行研究,分析镁水泥钢筋混凝土中不同涂层钢筋的极化曲线以及钢筋腐蚀速率.试验结果表明:各种涂层防腐效果从高到低依次为环氧树脂涂层、杰美特涂层、美佳丽涂层、新美特涂层;环氧树脂涂层的腐蚀速率为裸露钢筋腐蚀速率的1/1 600~1/2 000,新美特涂层的腐蚀速率为裸露钢筋的1/20~1/30.     

局部钢纤维混凝土梁腐蚀后弯曲性能试验研究

为了研究海洋防腐蚀结构工程耐久性,采用局部钢纤维混凝土制作了9根试验梁,通过模拟海洋环境中进行干湿交替的循环腐蚀作用,进行腐蚀电位测试.对不同钢纤维体积率、不同钢纤维铺设厚度、不同腐蚀程度的钢纤维钢筋混凝土梁进行四点弯曲静力试验研究.结果表明:混凝土中的分布于钢筋周边的钢纤维,改变了含水腐蚀介质中离子的汇聚方式,阻止了内部钢筋的腐蚀.钢纤维的加入对于提高钢筋混凝土梁的开裂载荷和耐久性具有重要作用.当钢纤维体积率为1.25%、钢纤维混凝土厚为50 mm时效果最为显著.采用钢纤维作为主动防止钢筋锈蚀的工程技术具有广泛的应用前景.     

氯离子电迁移下饱和Ca(OH)2中钢筋的锈蚀行为

利用电迁移加速氯离子在混凝土圆盘试件中传输的方法研究了模拟混凝土孔溶液(饱和Ca(OH)2)中钢筋的锈蚀行为,比较了粉煤灰(FA)、磨细矿渣(GGBS)与硅灰(SF)等矿物掺合料抑制氯离子电迁移及钢筋锈蚀的能力.采用腐蚀电位法、线性极化法和电化学阻抗谱法测试了钢筋的锈蚀程度,并采用压汞法(MIP)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了电迁移前后混凝土试件的微结构演变规律.结果表明,矿物掺合料能有效改善混凝土孔结构,明显降低氯离子电迁移速率与钢筋的腐蚀速率,但不同掺合料抑制钢筋锈蚀的能力有明显差异,由强到弱的规律为:SF>GGBS>FA.氯离子电迁移作用下饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中钢筋的锈蚀过程可分为3个阶段:钝化阶段、破钝初锈阶段与锈蚀扩展阶段.     

耐蚀钢筋在混凝土模拟液中的电化学行为

利用电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)对比研究了新型耐蚀钢筋(00Cr10MoV)和普通低碳钢筋(20MnSiV)在混凝土模拟液中的自钝化、碳化以及碳化与氯盐耦合作用下的电化学行为,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了钢筋表面腐蚀产物的形貌.结果表明,00Cr10MoV钢筋在钝化期的致钝性明显优于20MnSiV钢筋,且在碳化、碳化与氯盐耦合作用下,00Cr10MoV钢筋的耐蚀性也更强.电化学参数拟合中,00Cr10MoV钢筋在碳化期的钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻分别约为20MnSiV钢筋的3倍和58倍;00Cr10MoV钢筋在碳化和氯盐耦合作用期的钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻相比于20MnSiV钢筋分别提高约89%和99%.碳化与氯盐耦合作用后,00Cr10MoV钢筋表面仅生成少量点蚀坑,而20MnSiV钢筋表面则出现大量疏松的腐蚀产物.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the