川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究

土壤生态过程是川西亚高山针叶林生态系统过程研究中最具挑战性的研究领域，也是森林生态系统功能和过程研究中不可或缺的研究重点。土壤生态过程研究将有助于深入了解森林生态系统功能。目前。有关土壤生态过程的研究主要集中在土壤生物对土壤物理、化学和生物过程的影响以及人类活动干扰对土壤生态过程的影响等方面。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究还处于空白。因此，建议在开展川西针叶林生态过程研究时，应加强以下研究领域的工作：土壤生物多样性的功能重要性及其对土壤过程的影响、土壤与植被的互动、土壤生态过程对气候变化的响应、土壤生态过程中土壤酶系统分异以及土壤过程与针叶林生态系统地上过程的关系等。     

生物多样性与针叶林生态系统过程的关系

在过去10年中，生物多样性与生态系统过程的关系成为生态学中最具争议和挑战性的话题。生态学家们围绕植物组成和多样性与生态系统过程的关系、生物多样性与陆地生态系统的生物地球化学循环的关系、土壤生物多样性赇生态系统过程的影响、生态系统的功能多样性和组成对生态系统过程的影响、生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性以及生物多样性与生态系统过程对全球变化的响应等方面做了大量的开创性研究。川西亚高山针叶林是我国的生物多样性宝库和世界生物多样性的热点地区。迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林生物多样性和生态过程的研究还相当有限，有关生物多样性与生态系统过程关系的研究尚未见报道。因此，建议在未来川西亚高山针叶林生态过程研究中加强生物多样性与针叶林生产力的关系，生物多样性和生物地球化学循环的关系、土壤生物多样性与生态系统过程的互动、地下／地上部分生物多样性的关系、生物多样性和生态过程对全球变化的响应等研究。     

森林水文生态效应及在川西亚高山针叶林群落中的研究

水资源亏缺是世界各国政府和科学家们普遍关注的热点问题，而森林在涵养水源、调节水量、减少径流泥沙、降低洪峰、改善水质等方面具有重要的功能，因此森林水文生态效应研究成为生态学家和水文学家们共同关注的焦点。迄今为止，有关森林水文生态效应的研究主要包括集水区森林水文生态效应、水土保持林水文生态效应和森林水文生态效益研究。川西亚高山针叶林位于长江上游青藏高原东缘，在水土保持和调节流域水量平衡等方面具有重要的生态功能。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林水文生态效应的研究较少，主要为短期的、定性的、简单观测，这与其在长江流域水量平衡调节中的作用和地位极不相称。因此，建议在未来的研究中，从生态系统过程的角度加强以下研究：森林流域对径流影响的内在机理、不同树种水文生态效应及对比研究和养分循环及水质方面的研究，另外，因为气候、植被和水文密切相关，而且川西亚高山森林是对全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一，所以有必要探讨大气中CO2浓度升高等对森林水文生态效应的影响。     

川西亚高山针叶林群落的工作概况

藓类植物是亚高山森林生态系统中重要的层片，它们在“大气-植被-土壤”系统的物质和能量交换中起着重要的作用，直接参与和森林生态系统中碳、氮和水等重要过程并间接影响植物的更新过程。本文从藓类层片类型、生长、水文、指示作用以及干扰响应等几个方面回顾了当前国内外森林藓类研究的进展，文章也概括了我们近几年在川西地区的针叶林群落的研究工作。     

亚高山针叶林群落系统的生态学过程和持续性机制

森林生态系统由于其复杂的物质循环与能量转化通道，直接参与地图一生物圈问的生物地球化学循环。因此，对森林生态系统结构与功能的研究一直是研究全球生态环境问题的核心。目前在这个研究领域的共识是：对生态系统功能的了解首先是基于对系统组分过程结构和动态的理解，而生态系统多功能的持续性机制在于确保组成系统的各组分过程结构的维持和良好的协调。在森林群落生态系统中，最基本的植物、生态学过程是能流传输(transfer)和分配(partitioning)过程，碳、养分和水循环过程，生态位的相对稳定和分化过程以及植物的生长，死亡和更新过程。川西亚高山针叶林是我国西部目前唯一保存良好的天然森林。除了它重要的、不可替代的生态、经济和社会地位外，从生态系统本身以及与全球气候变化的联系上，地处高寒环境下的川西亚高山针叶林生态系统有其独特之处：相对简单的层次结构和种丰富度，清晰的更新和演替规律，有意义的地质、气候和区系历史，巨大的土壤冷冻碳库，更加分化的结构和功能类型，复杂的地形、地貌组合以及生态位的多样性等。这些特征一方面给系统生态过程研究带来许多挑战性的问题，另一方面为研究植被动态过程以及植被与气候变化相互作用提供了一个天然实验室。     

森林生态系统健康诊断研究进展及亚高山针叶林健康诊断的思考

本文主要从目标途径、生态系统途径和综合途径三个方面介绍了森林生态系统健康概念及其内涵，并分析了森林生态系统健康的评价指标体系及其标准。一般认为，不同的森林生态系统健康评估要根据具体的社会经济因素、生物物理环境、森林生态系统的自然属性选择合适的指标体系和标准。考虑到亚高山地区面临的主要任务是生物多样性保护和以水土保持为重点的生态功能恢复，因此采用生态系统学派(强调生态功能)为主进行健康诊断更具有实际意义，据此提出了亚高山针叶林健康状况诊断指标及其方案。     

藓类生态学研究以及在川西亚高山针叶林群落的工作概况

藓类植物是亚高山森林生态系统中重要的层片,它们在"大气-植被-土壤"系统的物质和能量交换中起着重要的作用,直接参与和森林生态系统中碳、氮和水等重要过程并间接影响植物的更新过程.本文从藓类层片类型、生长、水文、指示作用以及干扰响应等几个方面回顾了当前国内外森林藓类研究的进展,文章也概括了我们近几年在川西地区的针叶林群落的研究工作.     

升高CO2浓度和温度对针叶林的影响以及在川西亚高山针叶林研究中的展望

以CO2浓度和温度升高为主要特征的全球气候变化受到了世界各国科学家们的普遍关注。目前已经有大量关于森林生态系统对全球变化响应的研究报道和综述性文章,涉及分子、生理生态、种群和群落生态以及区域和全球尺度等微观和宏观领域的研究内容,因而要想对森林生态系统对全球变化的响应研究进行全面的综述是相当困难的。因此,本文只简要评述了森林生态系统对升高CO2浓度和温度响应研究中的诸如CO2浓度和温度升高对森林生长和生产力的影响、森林生态系统物种组成和多样性对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应、植被变化与全球碳循环的互动以及气候变化与森林生态系统生物地球化学循环的关系等几个热点问题。川西亚高山针叶林区为我国的第二大林区,地处高山峡谷地带,是全球变化的敏感地带。相对简单的植物群落结构、较低的物种丰富度和多样性、巨大的冷冻土壤碳库、不同演替阶段和功能的植物群落组合以及分布于林线附近的邻接效应等为研究针叶林系统对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应提供了良好的天然实验室。针叶林生产力、植物群落物种组成和多样性以及土壤碳氮过程等对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应对于预测未来气候变化下针叶林系统的生态过程具有重要意义。     

川西箭竹群落生态学研究

箭竹是大熊猫的主食竹，主要分布在亚高山地带，是亚高山森林下层重要的优势层片。对箭竹生态学研究主要集中在种群结构、生长、更新、生物生产力、繁殖特性及其在亚高山森林系统水土保持、养分平衡等生态功能发挥中的作用等几方面。而有关箭竹层片对整个森林生态系统养分循环动态过程和机理、箭竹种群生活史动态格局、开花机理、人为干扰下箭竹群落及森林群落更新的过程等方面的研究相对滞后。建议加强箭竹层片在亚高山针叶林生态系统结构和养分循环动态过程中的作用，箭竹克隆生长过程与森林群落更新过程的互动机理、箭竹种群生活史过程中养分源库动态、人为干扰下箭竹克隆种群更新过程与森林更新过程互动等方面的研究。     

青藏高原东部暗针叶林采伐迹地小气候及植被演替

暗针叶林主要分布在青藏高原东部的多条大江大河的上游和源头地区,具有重要的生态屏障功能,对于维护区域生态安全、促进经济可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。但自20世纪40年代以来,原始林被大规模采伐,形成大面积采伐迹地灌丛和草丛,其生态屏障功能逐步减弱,引起一系列生态环境因子变化。本文综述目前暗针叶林采伐迹地小气候、植被演替的研究现状,指出森林采伐后引起迹地小气候发生剧烈变化,导致迹地植被物种组成、盖度、生物量、生理生态因子等随着人为对其的不同干预也发生着相应的变化。指出今后应加强：（1）暗针叶林采伐迹地植被演替规律的研究;（2）加强人工造林树种的筛选;（3）采伐迹地0～1．5m下垫面小气候立体综合定位监测。     

Specific in vivo binding of d-LSD in rat brain

A reproducible in vivo d-LSD binding method in rat brain is described, with high affinity (Kd of 5 pmoles/g wet wt), stereospecificity (d- vs. 1-LSD) and regional selectivity. It may be a useful adjunct to in vitro methods for measuring changes in turnover at the synaptic level related to the intact receptor.     

Specific in vivo binding of d-LSD in rat brain

Summary A reproducible in vivo d-LSD binding method in rat brain is described, with high affinity (K_d of 5 pmoles/g wet wt), stereospecificity (d-vs, vs. l-LSD) and regional selectivity. It may be a useful adjunct to in vitro methods for measuring changes in turnover at the synaptic level related to the intact receptor.     

Identification of rooting depth and measurements of plant root activity in situ and in toto under field conditions using a gamma probe technique

Summary A technique for measuring root activity of agricultural crops in totality in situ under field conditions has been developed for the first time. The method essentially consists of measuring the activity emanating from roots after plant injection of a gamma radiating isotope using a probe. This also helps continuous monitoring of root growth changes over time.     

Appareil pour la mesure de la consommation d'oxygène des petits animaux de laboratoire

Summary An apparatus has been described for measuring oxygen consumption in small animals. In this apparatus, the temperature changes are very small, the determinations of oxygen consumption are rapid and frequent, the oxygen tension is normal and the animals are in a good state of quietness.     

Regression tree model for prediction of demand with heterogeneity and censorship

In this research we analyze a new approach for prediction of demand. In the studied market of performing arts the observed demand is limited by capacity of the house. Then one needs to account for demand censorship to obtain unbiased estimates of demand function parameters. The presence of consumer segments with different purposes of going to the theater and willingness-to-pay for performance and ticket characteristics causes a heterogeneity in theater demand. We propose an estimator for prediction of demand that accounts for both demand censorship and preferences heterogeneity. The estimator is based on the idea of classification and regression trees and bagging prediction aggregation extended for prediction of censored data. Our algorithm predicts and combines predictions for both discrete and continuous parts of censored data. We show that our estimator performs better in terms of prediction accuracy compared with estimators which account either for censorship or heterogeneity only. The proposed approach is helpful for finding product segments and optimal price setting.     

A rapid method of following the spontaneous regression of experimental leukemias

Summary Transplantation of virus and chemically induced leukemias from C3H/He-mgxAKR/F₁ hybrid mice into C3H/He-mg males induced leukemias in the latter, which was followed by a spontaneous regression of the disease within a few days. The regression of leukemia could easily be followed by measuring the changes in the pyruvate kinase activity of para-aortic lymph node cells.     

Use of three specific radioimmunoassays in measuring neurohypophysial hormone content and plasma concentrations of vasopressin,oxytocin and DDAVP in rats after prolonged infusion of DDAVP

Summary Specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) were employed for measuring plasma and neurohypophysial concentrations of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) after administration of 1-deamino-8-D-Arg-vasopressin (DDAVP). DDAVP concentrations were measured by a newly-developed specific RIA. Through the use of minipumps, DDAVP was infused i.p. over a period of 3 days in normally hydrated rats. Despite decreased urine production and increased urine osmolality no changes could be observed in neurohypophysial and plasma hormone concentrations.     

Control of respiration in skeletal muscle at rest

The suggestion is made that, under resting conditions in situ, muscle cell respiration is dependent on the way O2 and substrates are distributed to the cells by the microcirculation. (Delivery is measured as arterial-blood concentration multiplied by flow to the organ.) Microscale heterogeneity of this distribution, which is more marked but less stable than the more easily demonstrated larger-scale heterogeneity (0.1 to 0.5-g sampling grain), might indeed ration O2 and substrates in a large population of the cells of a resting organ at any given moment, and microscale heterogeneity of distribution may thus take part in the normal control of cell respiration.     

An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China

Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making.     

An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China

Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making.